1. An Overview of Scouting History in the US and World
History of Scouting
An Overview of Scouting History in the US and World
2003
Michael R. Brown
This presentation is © Michael R. Brown All Rights Reserved
Permission is granted to use this presentation in its entirety at APO events only on the condition that nothing is altered. You can update information that is dated, or add local info.
Original created for 2000 National Convention, updated for 2002, further updates in 2003
Michael R. Brown
APO LM & TB
Alpha Delta Tau Chapter, Nova Southeastern University
Venturing Crew #1838, Southwest Florida Council
Osceola Lodge #564, Vigil Honor Member
Suggestions, comments, updates are welcome.

2. Why Is This Important? Our fraternity is based on Scouting principles.
Our founders were all involved in Scouting.
In 1932, the BSA National Committee approved APO as an ‘official’ program. We have been listed in BSA literature since.
Until 1967, we required Scouting involvement for membership.
Many of our Brothers come to our fraternity because of their and our Scouting background.
Those who don’t have this background may not understand what Scouting is all about.
Membership policy changes at 1967 Constitution Convention.
Membership policy only required a past involvement in Scouting. One could become eligible merely by joining a unit while at school.

3. What Is Scouting?
A program of character building and citizenship based in the out-of-doors.
Program is used world-wide, with programs geared to specific age and gender groups.
It is based on a Scout Promise and Scout Law.
Each country customizes it to their culture, but still adheres to fundamental principles.

4. Fundamental Principles
The Scout Movement is:
A voluntary non-political education movement for young people, open to all without distinction of origin, race, or creed, in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by the Founder.
-(World Organization of the Scout Movement)

5. Fundamental Principles
Scouting is…
A Movement
Voluntary
Non-political
Educational
For young people
Open to all (who are willing to adhere to its purpose, principle, and method).

6. Fundamental Principles
Purpose of the Scout Movement:
To contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities.
-(World Organization of the Scout Movement)

7. Fundamental Principles
Principles of the Scout Movement:
“Duty to God”
“Duty to Others”
“Duty to Self”
Adherence to a Promise and Law
All member groups must abide by this
-(World Organization of the Scout Movement)
Note- “Duty to God” means following your religious believes, regardless if they profess a belief in a “God”. Scouting does not dictate what religion you should follow, or even require membership in a religious group.

8. Fundamental Principles
Elements of the Scout Method:
A Promise and Law
Learning by Doing
Patrol (or team) System
Symbolic Framework
Personal progression
Nature
Adult Support

9. Character Development
Aims of Scouting
Character Development
Citizenship Training
Personal Fitness
-(Boy Scouts of America)
Fitness means physical, mental, spiritual, moral

10. Methods of Scouting CUB SCOUTS BOY SCOUTS VENTURERS Ideals Den
Patrol Method
Group Activities
Activities
Outdoor Program
High Adventure
Advancement
Recognition
Family Involvement
Adult Association
Home & Neighborhood Centered
Personal Growth
Teaching Others
Leadership Development
Uniform

11. Scout Oath (or Promise)
Methods of Scouting
Scout Oath (or Promise)
"On my honor I will do my best To do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; To help other people at all times; To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight”
-BSA

12. Methods of Scouting Scout Law
TRUSTWORTHY
LOYAL
HELPFUL
FRIENDLY
COURTEOUS
KIND
OBEDIENT
CHEERFUL
THRIFTY
BRAVE
CLEAN
REVERENT

13. Methods of Scouting SCOUT MOTTO Be Prepared SCOUT SLOGAN
Do a Good Turn Daily

14. Methods of Scouting SCOUT HANDSHAKE SCOUT SIGN
Scout handshake is a left handshake.

15. Methods of Scouting Four Goals of Girl Scouting
Developing Self-potential
Relating to Others
Developing Values
Contributing to Society

16. Methods of Scouting Girl Scout Promise On my honor, I will try:
To serve God and my country,
To help people at all times,
And to live by the Girl Scout Law

17. Methods of Scouting Girl Scout Law I will do my best to be
honest and fair,
friendly and helpful,
considerate and caring,
courageous and strong, and
responsible for what I saw and do, and to
respect myself and others,
respect authority,
use resources wisely,
make the world a better place, and
be a sister to every Girl Scout

18. Scout Emblem: World Crest
Based on fleur-de-lis (trefoil)
Used on compass: points the way.
Three points are three points of scout oath: Duty to God, others, and self (obeying Law & Oath).
Band around the three points symbolizes world brotherhood.
The rope symbolizes unity, the knot strength of world scout unity.
Purple denotes leadership and service, white purity.

19. Scout Emblem: BSA’s emblem
Based on fleur-de-lis (trefoil)
Used on compass: points the way
Stars are truth & knowledge
Three points are three points of scout oath: Duty to God, country and others, and self
Scroll represents smile, has Scout motto on it, knot represents good turn

20. Guide Emblem: World Trefoil
Based on trefoil
Three leaves are three fold promise: duty to God, country and others, and self
Stars are Promise and Law
Flame represents love of humanity
Pointed vein is compass point showing the way
Gold & Blue: sun shining over all the children of the world

21. Founders Robert Baden-Powell Ernest Thompson Seton Dan Beard
William Boyce
James E. West
Olave Baden-Powell
Juliette Low

22. Other Important Characters
E. Urner Goodman
H. Roe Bartle
William Hillcourt
Norman Rockwell

23. Robert S.S. Baden-Powell
Baden-Powell is considered the Founder of Scouting.
Born 1857 in England.
Attended Charterhouse. Was a poor student, but had good dramatic and artistic skills. Learned outdoor skills on own and on trips with older brothers.
Entered military service in 1876 as a sub-lieutenant.

24. Baden-Powell Served 8 years in India.
Assigned to Africa. Used his outdoor skills as a military scout during the Zulu uprising.
Assigned to Malta. Served as intelligence officer.
Started to write Aids to Scouting to teach others his scouting skills. Taught in small groups called ‘patrols’.

25. Baden-Powell Baden-Powell’s “Scouting” program was very radical.
Men were in small groups under leadership of one of their own, not an officer.
Method of training was by games and activities, not drilling.
What was being taught was self-reliance and independence, and thinking on your own.

26. Baden-Powell
As a colonel during the Boer War in 1899, defended Mafeking during a 217 day siege.
His actions made him a hero to the British people and promotion to Major General.
Unknown to B-P, his Aids to Scouting became a popular book, and many used it to teach youth.
Remained in Africa to establish South African Constabulary.
Boer War,

27. Baden-Powell
After returning to England, was inspired to re-write military manual into something more suitable to youth. Used Seton and Beard’s work as inspiration.
Tried out his “scheme” in August, 1907 with weeklong camp at Brownsea Island with 22 boys from different backgrounds.
Success lead to publication of Scouting for Boys in 1908 in six parts.
August 1, 1907 is considered the beginning of scouting.

28. Baden-Powell Established Boy Scout Association in 1908.
Knighted in 1909 for his military service.
Retired from military service in 1910 as a lieutenant general to start his “second life”.
Baden-Powell would thus devote the remainder of his life to Scouting, both in the UK and world-wide.

29. Baden Powell Established Girl Guide Association in 1910.
Would met and marry Olave Soames in 1912.
Proclaimed Chief Scout of the World, at first World Scout Jamboree in 1920.
In 1929, made a peer for establishing Scouting. First Baron of Gilwell, Gilwell being center of scout leader training (Wood Badge).
Died in 1941 in Africa.
Being made a peer was a higher honor then being knighted. Being made a hereditary peer (which B-P was) was an even higher honor.

30. Ernest Thompson Seton Artist, Naturalist, Author. 1860-1946.
Established Woodcraft Indians in 1902, a program for boys based on American Indian Lore. Program spread to a few countries.
Merged Woodcraft Indians into BSA in 1910, became BSA’s Chief Scout.
Born in England, moved to Canada at 6yo. Much later became a US citizen.

31. Ernest Thompson Seton
Wrote first Boy Scout handbook, a combination of B-Ps work and his own Birch Bark Rolls.
Wanted BSA’s highest award to be called Wolf Scout. Called Eagle Scout instead.
Left BSA in Disagreements as to why.
Re-established Woodcraft League, now for boys and girls. Organization died in late 1940s, but program lives on in other groups.
Some works: Wild Animals I Have Known, Two Little Savages, Rolf in the Woods, Birch Bark Rolls, Book of Woodcraft, and many more.

32. Daniel Carter Beard Writer, Artist, Naturalist. 1850-1946.
Established Sons of Daniel Boone in 1905, later in 1909 the Boy Pioneers, a program for boys based on the American frontiersman.
Merged SDB/BP into BSA in 1910, became BSA’s National Scout Commissioner.
Beard didn’t have control of the “Sons of Daniel Boone” name, hence the need to later call it Boy Pioneers in 1909.

33. Daniel Carter Beard
Known as “Uncle Dan” to many youth, longtime contributor to Boy’s Life.
Helped design Boy Scout Uniform and First Class Badge. Proposed Eagle Scout as BSA’s highest award.
A National Honorary member of APO.
Some works: American Boy’s Handy Book, illustrated Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.

34. William D. Boyce American newspaper publisher.
Lost in London fog in A Boy Scout helped him, without accepting a tip. Learning about Scouting, brought it to USA and incorporated the BSA, but had little involvement afterwards.
Later established Lone Scouts of America for rural youth in LSA merged into BSA in 1924 as Lone Scout program, soon dropping their unique award system. Lone Scout program still exists today.
Lone Scouts worked on seven degrees. Boys on their honor work on these degrees.
Boys wrote for the Lone Scout magazine. Amateur journalism was big in the LSA. Inspiration for Press Club award in BSA.

35. James E. West Attorney working for child’s rights.
Was orphaned and crippled at early age.
Chief Scout Executive of BSA,
Strong leadership of BSA got it thru the early years: merger of rival scouting groups, WWI, first National Jamboree, and more.
A National Honorary member of APO.

36. Olave Baden-Powell Olave Soames married B-P in 1912.
Became involved with Girl Guides, eventually becoming Chief Guide of Girl Guides, replacing B-P’s sister, Agnes, in 1918.
Appointed World Chief Guide in 1930.
Made Dame Grand Cross of BE, 1932.
Died in 1977.
Being made a DGC means that Olave was honored for her own work for the Girl Guides.

37. Juliette Low Born 1861 in Savannah, GA.
Founder of Girl Scouts of the USA.
Befriended B-P in 1911 and learned of Scouting and Guiding. Involved with Guides in the U.K.
Inspired by this, she established the Girl Scouts in 1912 in Savannah, and dedicated her life to the movement.
Died in 1926.
                

38. E. Urner Goodman
Early Scoutmaster and later Scout Executive in Philadelphia and Chicago Councils, National Program Director
Established Order of the Arrow at council camp at Treasure Island in 1915.
Order of the Arrow would became the official honor society within the BSA.
OA was inspired by Seton’s work with Woodcraft Indians.

39. H. Roe Bartle
Became a Scout Executive in 1921 in Wyoming, later moved to St. Joseph and then Kansas City.
Our National President from
Established Mic-O-Say in 1925, a rival program to OA. This program spread to other councils, and still exists today in the two he established.
Later entered public office in the 1950s, retiring as a scout executive.

40. William Hillcourt “Green Bar Bill”, “Scoutmaster to the World.”
Born Vilhelm Bjerregaard Jensen in Denmark in 1900.
A Boy Scout in Denmark, earned Knight-Scout, highest in Denmark.
In 1925, started on a world tour with a scouting theme. In US, worked with the BSA, and stayed.

41. Green Bar Bill Started writing and editing Scouting Magazine.
Wrote first Handbook for Patrol Leaders.
Started a column in Boy’s Life aimed at Patrol Leaders under the byline of “Green Bar Bill.”
Introduced Wood Badge, an advanced leadership program for Scoutmasters, to BSA.
Also wrote Scout Field Book and two editions of the Boy Scout Handbook.
The symbol for Patrol Leaders is 2 green bars, hence the columns name and his signature.

42. Green Bar Bill “Retired” in 1965.
Wrote a bio of B-P, World Brotherhood editions of B-P’s Scouting for Boys and Aids for Scoutmasters.
In 1978, wrote new editions of Boy Scout Handbook bringing back an outdoor orientation as part of the “All Out for Scouting” program. Received Silver Buffalo for this work.
Died in 1992 in Sweden during a world tour, the day before returning to his homeland.
The World Brotherhood edition were aimed at helping scouting spread around the world.

43. Norman Rockwell Famous American Illustrator. 1894-1978.
First professional job as Boys’ Life artist, later art director,
From , did 50 calendars depicting scouts, establishing for many the “image” of scouting. First two done free as a thanks to BSA.
Would receive a Silver Buffalo for his work.
1969- Beyond the Easel

44. 1956 The Scoutmaster
1965 A Great Moment

45. 1967 Breakthrough for Freedom
1959 Tomorrow’s Leader
1968 Scouting is Outing

46. Establishment of BSA Boy Scouts of America incorporated in 1910.
Later, a group under the leadership of Edgar Robinson of the YMCA brought together almost all youth organizations to truly create the program.
Many early “rival” Scouting programs merged into BSA.
BSA would get Congressional Charter in 1916.
BSA is a member of WOSM as the scouting organization in the USA.

47. Historic Highlights
1912: BSA purchases Boy’s Life magazine from scout who started it and made official BSA mag.
Scouts helped out during WWI
1930s: Cub Scouts started, expanded Senior Scout program started which would include Sea, Air, and “land” based programs.
1932: Schiff Scout Reservation opened in N.J.
1935: planned First National Jamboree cancelled due to infantile paralysis epidemic.
1937: First National Jamboree held in D.C.

48. Historic Highlights
1938 & 1941, Waite Phillips gives land on his N.M. ranch that becomes Philmont
During WWII, Scouts gave service to country: selling war bonds, gathering paper and scrap metal, victory gardens, messenger and emergency services, etc.
After WWII, Scouts helped revise scouting in other countries thru World Friendship Fund.

49. Historic Highlights
1950: Second National Jamboree held in Valley Forge, PA.
USPS issues first Boy Scout stamp.
1950s: Scouts do Get Out the Vote campaigns.
1960: 50th Anniversary & Fifth National Jamboree held in Colorado City.
1967: BSA hosts twelfth World Jamboree in Idaho.

50. Historic Highlights
1970: Project SOAR (Save Our American Resources) begun.
1971: Exploring Program goes co-ed.
1972: the “improved” scouting program, with a more urban emphasis, was introduced. Membership drops.
: various projects relating to the Bicentennial are begun.

51. Historic Highlights
Late 70s, the “All Out for Scouting” program restored a more traditional camping-oriented program.
Tiger Cubs, for 7yo, introduced in 1982.
Varsity Scouts, for 14-17yo, introduced in 1984.
1985: 75th Anniversary of BSA. 11th National Jamboree held at Ft. A.P. Hill, Virginia.
1987: begun campaign against 5 unacceptables: drug abuse, hunger, child abuse, illiteracy, and youth unemployment. Drugs: A Deadly Game program, and Youth Protection Training begun.

52. Historic Highlights
1988: Scouting for Food begun, largest National Good Turn ever.
1989: BSA allows women to hold any volunteer position.
1990s: BSA helps to re-establish scouting in the former USSR and other former communist countries.
: BSA aimed to perform 200 million hours of service to the community as the Service to America program. Completes 214 million hours.
Before 1989, 6 positions were barred to women: Scoutmaster, Varsity Scout Coach, Webelos Den Leader, and their Assistants. Reason was to give Webelos Scouts, Varsity Scouts, and Boy Scouts a male role model. But as it became difficult to find men willing to hold these positions, they opened them to women. The BSA has just won a court case that would have forced them to open these positions to women, then choice on their own to open these positions.

53. Establishment of GSUSA
Girl Scouts of the USA incorporated in National Organization established in 1915.
GSUSA would also get Congressional Charter in 1950
GSUSA is a member of WAGGGS as the Girl Scouting organization in the USA
Today has 300+ Councils, serving 2.7 million girls
Upper corners has the original and current GSUSA logos.

54. Establishment of Camp Fire
Established as Camp Fire Girls in Vermont in 1910 by Luther and Charlotte Gulick.
Program build around self-reliance and leadership. Wo-He-Lo (Work, Health, Love) is their watch word.
E.T. Seton and his wife, Grace, Dan Beard and his sister Lina were involved in its organization. Seton’s Woodcraft Indian program a great influence on Camp Fire program.

55. Camp Fire
The BSA viewed Camp Fire as their counterpart for girls and not the GSUSA. James West was member of their Executive Board. Same people involved in both groups.
Camp Fire went co-ed in 1975.
Renamed Camp Fire USA in 2001.
Today has 125 Councils in 40 states, serving 630,000 youth.

56. Establishment of WOSM World Organization of the Scout Movement.
An international, non-governmental organization composed of its recognized National Scout Organizations(NSO), one per country.
Formed in 1920 as the Boy Scout International Bureau.
There are more than 25 million Scouts, young people and adults, male and female, in 216 countries and territories. Only 7 countries do not have Scouting!
Countries With No Scouting
There are 7 countries where Scouting, to WOSM's knowledge, does not exist; in some it would not be allowed. These are:
Afghanistan
Andora
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Myanmar

57. World Jamboree
International gathering of Scouts from around the world (14-18yo). Around 30,000 attend.
Held every four years, the next one (21th) will be in England for the 100th Anniversary of Scouting in 2007.
First World Jamboree in 1920 in England.
BSA hosted the World Jamboree in 1967.
The fifteenth Jamboree, planned for Iran in 1979, was “postponed.”
Past locations: Canada, USA, Chile, Australia, S. Korea, several countries in Europe. Has never been held in Africa.

58. Other World Events World Moots (for Rovers, 18-25yo) every 4 years.
Next one in Taiwan in 2004 (the 12th).
World Youth Forums every 3 years, in conjunction with World Scout Conference.
Next one in Tunisia in 2005 (the 9th).
Jamboree On the Air (JOTA) every year, along with Jamboree On the Internet (JOTI).
Runs International Camp in Switzerland.

59. Establishment of WAGGGS
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.
An international, non-governmental organization composed of its recognized national Guide/Scout organizations.
Formed in 1928, out of International Council.
There are over 10 million Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 140 countries.

60. BSA Programs
BSA has three programs: Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, Venturing.
Each program is geared to specific age groups.
Has 319 councils serving 3 million boys and girls.

61. Cub Scouts Tiger Cubs Cub Scouts Webelos Scouts Grade: 1st (~6yo)
Program based on boy/adult partners
Cub Scouts
Grades: 2nd & 3rd (~7-8yo)
Home and family based program
Advancement: Bobcat, Wolf, Bear
Webelos Scouts
Grades: 4th & 5th (~9-10yo)
More advanced program leading to Boy Scouts
Advancement: Webelos, Arrow of Light

62. Boy Scout Program Traditional Program for Boys 11-17yo.
Units are called Troops, subdivided into Patrols.
Units are youth-led by Senior Patrol Leaders and Patrol Leaders, adults are more of counselors.
Advancement program of Tenderfoot, Second Class, First Class, Star, Life, Eagle Scout.

63. Eagle Scout Highest Boy Scout Award. Requirements include:
Earning 21 merit badges.
Serving in a leadership position.
Planning and carrying out a community service project.
Only 2% of Boy Scouts earn it.

64. Venturing Program
New co-ed program for high school & college age youth (14-20yo). Replaces Exploring.
Units are called Venturing Crews, members are Venturers.
Youth members fully run program, adults are only advisors.
Advancement is Bronze, Gold, Silver, Ranger.
Sea Scouts, a nautical program established in 1912, is part of this program. Sea Scouts have advancement of: Apprentice, Ordinary, Able, Quartermaster.
Some APO Chapters charter themselves as Venturing Crews.

65. 2005 National Scout Jamboree
July-August, 2005 at Ft A.P. Hill, Virginia.
40,000+ participants, several from foreign countries.
Alpha Phi Omega plans to have a presence there with a booth manned by APO members.
Jamborees are held every 4 years, and are large displays of scouting. This will be the 16th one. Next one in 2010, at Ft A.P. Hill, for the 100th Anniversary of the BSA.

66. High Adventure
Philmont Scout Ranch, 215sqmi ranch in Cimarron, New Mexico.
Florida Sea Base in the Florida Keys.
Northern Tier in Ely, Minnesota.
Maine High Adventure still exists, but is run by the councils in Maine, not the National Office.

67. Order of the Arrow Scouting’s National Honor Society.
OA is a service organization, like APO, and also emphasizes leadership.
Established in 1915 at Philadelphia Council, soon spread to other councils.
1938, made an experimental program.
1946, made an official program of BSA.

68. Order of the Arrow
Holds biennial Conferences at college campuses, 4-5 day event of training and fellowship. APO usually has a presence.
National Leadership Seminars, weekend training events run in various locations.
Since late 80s, run Trail Crews at Philmont to build new trails. Recently added Wilderness Crews at Northern Tier to build/repair portage trails.

69. Wood Badge
Advanced Adult leader training used world-wide, but each country’s is different.
Created by B-P, symbol are small wooden beads he collected during Zulu uprising.
In 1970s, added in Leadership Development from White Stag program. Teaches the 11 skills of leadership.
Well known and respected leadership training program, recently revised in the US.
The Eleven Leadership Skills
Communicating
Knowing and Using the Resources of the Group
Understanding Characteristics and Needs of the Group
Representing the Group
Setting the Example
Planning
Controlling Group Performance
Evaluating
Effective Teaching
Styles of Leadership
Counseling
Five Central Themes in 21st Century Wood Badge:
1) Living the Values
—Values, mission, and vision
—Aims and methods
2) Bringing the Vision to Life
—Listening to learn
—Communicating
—Giving and receiving feedback
—Valuing people and leveraging diversity
—Coaching and mentoring
3) Models for Success
—Team development model
—Situational Leadership
4) Tools of the Trade
—Project planning and problem solving
—Managing conflict
—Assessing team performance
—Managing change
—Celebrating team success
5) Leading to Make a Difference
—Leaving a legacy
—Learning the greatest leadership secret

70. Silver Buffalo
Award given at the National level annually to those who contribute to youth, regardless of their Scouting association.
Recipients include: B-P, Beard, Boyce, West, Seton, Goodman, Bartle, 13 Presidents, Norman Rockwell, Roger Tory Peterson, Norman Vincent Peale, Charles Schulz, Generals MacArthur, Westmoreland, Powell, Burl Ives, Hank Aaron, Milt Caniff, Neil Armstrong, Bob Hope, Jimmie Stewart, Irving Berlin, Walt Disney, Charles Lindbergh, Richard Byrd, and an Unknown Scout.

71. GSUSA Program Has several age specific programs:
Daisy 5-6yo
Brownie 6-8yo
Junior 8-11yo
Cadette 11-14yo
Senior 14-17yo
Campus Girl Scouts college-based groups
Studio 2B will soon replace the Cadette & Senior programs

72. Gold Award Highest Girl Scout Award, earned by Senior Girl Scouts.
Award established in 1980, replacing Golden Eaglette( ); Curved Bar( ); and First Class( ).
Requirements include:
Earn four Cadette and Senior GS Interest projects.
Earn Career Exploration Pin.
Earn Senior Girl Scout Leadership award.
Earn Senior Girl Scout Challenge pin.
Planning and carrying out a community service project of at least 50 hours.

73. Camp Fire Program Several programs, including Club based ones:
Starflight: Kindergarten - 2 grades.
Adventure: 3-5 grades.
Discovery: 6-8 grades.
Horizon: 9-12th grades.
Wohelo Award- Camp Fire’s highest honor, ~200 earned per year. Requires completing four "Reflections" and advocate for improved social conditions.

74. Resources BSA web site www.scouting.bsa.org
GSUSA web site
CampFire web site
WOSM
WAGGGS
US Scouting Service project
Order of the Arrow

75. References The Boy-Man, by Tim Jeal, 1990
Baden-Powell--The Two Lives of a Hero, by William Hillcourt with Olave Baden-Powell, 1964
The Chief: Ernest Thompson Seton and the Changing West, by H. Allen Anderson, 1990
Boy Scouts: An American Adventure, Robert Peterson, 1985
History of the Boy Scouts of America, William D. Murray, 1937.

76. References
A Thing of the Spirit: The Life of E. Urner Goodman, Nelson Block, 2000.
Brotherhood of Cheerful Spirit: A History of the O.A., 3rd ed, 2000.
A History of Wood Badge in the US, 1988.