1. Lentic Systems Lakes and Ponds

2. Formation of Lakes Glacier lakes Glacier lakes Oxbow lakes Oxbow lakes Playas Playas Man-made lakes Man-made lakes

3. Glacier Lakes Carved out by glaciers (glaciation), which fill with water Carved out by glaciers (glaciation), which fill with water Northern U.S. and Canada Northern U.S. and Canada

4. How Does Glaciation Work? As the glaciers move they act as scouring pads on the ground underneath them. As the glaciers move they act as scouring pads on the ground underneath them. Near the end of the last glacial period, roughly 10,000 years ago, glaciers began to retreat Near the end of the last glacial period, roughly 10,000 years ago, glaciers began to retreat A retreating glacier often left behind large deposits of ice in hollows between hills which later melted to create lakes. A retreating glacier often left behind large deposits of ice in hollows between hills which later melted to create lakes. Rocks are eroded and mineral deposits become sediments at the bottom of the lake Rocks are eroded and mineral deposits become sediments at the bottom of the lake Some suspended minerals are used by algae for growth, making the water appear green Some suspended minerals are used by algae for growth, making the water appear green

5. The Great Lakes in northern U.S. are the largest glacial lakes in the world.

6. The Seven Rila Lakes in Rila, Bulgaria Lake Jokulsarlon, in Iceland.

7. Oxbow Lakes Formed by meandering rivers Formed by meandering rivers Loops of river gets cut off Loops of river gets cut off Lakes are long and narrow, and usually U-shaped Lakes are long and narrow, and usually U-shaped Common in low valleys and flat coastal areas Common in low valleys and flat coastal areas

8. Oxbow Lake An oxbow in the making: meanders and sandbank deposition on the Nowitna River, Alaska An oxbow in the making: meanders and sandbank deposition on the Nowitna River, Alaska

9. How Does an Oxbow Lake Form? (1) On the inside of the loop, the river travels more slowly leading to deposition of silt.

10. (2) Meanwhile water on the outside edges tends to flow faster, which erodes the banks making the meander even wider. (3) Over time the loop of the meander widens until the neck vanishes altogether.

11. (4) Then the meander is removed from the river's current and the horseshoe shaped oxbow lake is formed. -- Without a current to move the water along, sediment builds up along the banks and fills in the lake.

12. Oxbow Lake Oxbow lake and the Chippewa River in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Oxbow lake and the Chippewa River in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.

13. Playas Formed from multiple things that leave a depression Formed from multiple things that leave a depression Soil erosion, wind, animal herds Soil erosion, wind, animal herds Small, shallow, and circular Small, shallow, and circular Common in dry plains areas Common in dry plains areas These lakes are ephemeral, and only form at certain times of the year These lakes are ephemeral, and only form at certain times of the year

14. Playas are important habitat for migratory birds and waterfowl. Playas are important habitat for migratory birds and waterfowl. The Red-winged Blackbird, Blue-winged Teal, and the Mallard can all be found in playa lakes at some time of the year. The Red-winged Blackbird, Blue-winged Teal, and the Mallard can all be found in playa lakes at some time of the year.

15. Sandhill cranes winter in playa lakes Sandhill cranes winter in playa lakes

16. Playa lakes in Kansas agricultural area

17. Man-Made Lakes Lake Mead is formed as a result of damming the Colorado River by the Hoover Dam in Nevada Water reservoirs formed from Water reservoirs formed from Damming rivers Damming rivers Old rock quarries or mines Old rock quarries or mines Stock ponds on farms and ranches Stock ponds on farms and ranches

18. Zipingpu Dam on the Min River in China

19. Lentic Habitats Characterized by Characterized by The shoreline The shoreline The sides of the basin The sides of the basin The surface of the water The surface of the water The bottom sediments The bottom sediments

20. Zones of Lentic Habitats Littoral zone Littoral zone Limnetic zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Profundal zone

21. Littoral Zone Along shore where light can penetrate to the bottom Along shore where light can penetrate to the bottom Rooted plants can grow Rooted plants can grow Shores have coarse sediments from action of waves Shores have coarse sediments from action of waves Sheltered areas have finer sediments (silt and clay) – plant growth in this zone Sheltered areas have finer sediments (silt and clay) – plant growth in this zone Animal life includes Animal life includes Invertebrates common to lotic habitats Invertebrates common to lotic habitats Small fish Small fish

23. Limnetic Zone Upper open water area of a pond or lake Upper open water area of a pond or lake Lack of rooted plants because light can’t penetrate the bottom Lack of rooted plants because light can’t penetrate the bottom Plankton and fish are common Plankton and fish are common

24. Profundal Zone Deep, bottom-water area Deep, bottom-water area No light penetration No light penetration No photosynthetic organisms or rooted plants No photosynthetic organisms or rooted plants Sediments are silt and clay mixed with organic matter that settles to the bottom Sediments are silt and clay mixed with organic matter that settles to the bottom Organisms living here are tolerant of little or no light or oxygen. Organisms living here are tolerant of little or no light or oxygen.

26. Biological Productivity The amount of plankton, algae, aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish that a body of water can produce and sustain The amount of plankton, algae, aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish that a body of water can produce and sustain Usually limited to the depth of light penetration Usually limited to the depth of light penetration Light penetration is limited by color of the water and amount of suspended solids Light penetration is limited by color of the water and amount of suspended solids

27. Ponds vs. Lakes Pond = body of water where light penetrates all the way to the bottom Pond = body of water where light penetrates all the way to the bottom Lake = depth of light penetration varies from several inches to several feet Lake = depth of light penetration varies from several inches to several feet

28. Determining the Trophic State Total Plant Nutrients Total Plant Nutrients Phosphorous and nitrogen are needed for plant growth and maintenance Phosphorous and nitrogen are needed for plant growth and maintenance Certain level is needed (too much or too little is not a good thing) Certain level is needed (too much or too little is not a good thing) If nutrients are too high, algae blooms occur If nutrients are too high, algae blooms occur Increase the turbidity of the water Increase the turbidity of the water Decrease the oxygen levels Decrease the oxygen levels

29. Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll A Measure of the algae population Measure of the algae population Influenced by the amount of nutrients Influenced by the amount of nutrients Water Clarity (turbidity) Water Clarity (turbidity) Water clarity determines how far light can penetrate Water clarity determines how far light can penetrate Phytoplankton and plants need light to grow, so they won’t grow if light is limited Phytoplankton and plants need light to grow, so they won’t grow if light is limited Algae blooms cause lower water clarity Algae blooms cause lower water clarity

30. Characteristics of Biological Productivity 4 categories of lake classification based on biological productivity 4 categories of lake classification based on biological productivity Oligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Eutrophic hypereutrophic hypereutrophic

31. Oligotrophic Lakes Nutrient level and productivity is low Nutrient level and productivity is low Water is clear Water is clear Low aquatic plants and plankton Low aquatic plants and plankton Few fish Few fish Sandy bottoms with little organic material Sandy bottoms with little organic material

33. Mesotrophic Lakes Nutrients and productivity is moderate Nutrients and productivity is moderate Some aquatic plants Some aquatic plants Water clarity is becoming somewhat cloudy Water clarity is becoming somewhat cloudy

34. Littoral habitat in a mesotrophic lake Littoral habitat in a mesotrophic lake

35. Eutrophic Lakes Nutrient level and productivity is high Nutrient level and productivity is high Large populations of algae, plankton, fish, plants, and macroinvertebrates Large populations of algae, plankton, fish, plants, and macroinvertebrates Frequent plankton blooms Frequent plankton blooms Sediments with high organic matter Sediments with high organic matter Water is commonly colored Water is commonly colored

37. Hypereutrophic Nutrient levels and productivity are very high Nutrient levels and productivity are very high Large populations of aquatic plants and animals Large populations of aquatic plants and animals Frequent plankton blooms Frequent plankton blooms Sediments with most organic matter Sediments with most organic matter

38. Ponds and Shallow Lakes Temperature and dissolved oxygen remains about the same from top to bottom Temperature and dissolved oxygen remains about the same from top to bottom Water is easily mixed by the wind Water is easily mixed by the wind Photosynthesis and plant growth can occur from top to bottom (since light can penetrate all the way down) Photosynthesis and plant growth can occur from top to bottom (since light can penetrate all the way down)

39. Deep Lakes Water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels can remain same from top to bottom layers in the winter Water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels can remain same from top to bottom layers in the winter During warm summer months, layers form During warm summer months, layers form The surface if warmed up by the sun The surface if warmed up by the sun Denser, colder water remains below it Denser, colder water remains below it Doesn’t get mixed by the wind Doesn’t get mixed by the wind

40. Fall Turnover

41. Effects of Turnovers Mixing of once layered water returns oxygen levels to the deep areas. Mixing of once layered water returns oxygen levels to the deep areas. Areas in the south have one turnover per year in the fall. Areas in the south have one turnover per year in the fall. In the north, lakes become stratified in the summer and the winter (because ice forms on the surface, causing inverse stratification). Thus, there are two turnovers (fall and spring). In the north, lakes become stratified in the summer and the winter (because ice forms on the surface, causing inverse stratification). Thus, there are two turnovers (fall and spring).

43. Zones of Stratification Three distinct layers form in deep lakes during the summer months: Three distinct layers form in deep lakes during the summer months: Epilimnion Epilimnion Metalimnion Metalimnion Hypolimnion Hypolimnion

44. Epilimnion Warmest zone near the surface Warmest zone near the surface Circulates freely with varying temperatures according to location on the globe Circulates freely with varying temperatures according to location on the globe Wind and currents mix surface water Wind and currents mix surface water Most organisms found in this layer Most organisms found in this layer Area of greatest productivity Area of greatest productivity Greatest light penetration Greatest light penetration Greatest oxygen content Greatest oxygen content

45. Metalimnion Middle layer Middle layer Steep declines in temperature (area of the thermocline) Steep declines in temperature (area of the thermocline) Temp. decreases 1 o C per meter of depth Temp. decreases 1 o C per meter of depth

46. Hypolimnion Third layer Third layer Deep and cold with little to no temperature change Deep and cold with little to no temperature change Low oxygen due to few or no plants Low oxygen due to few or no plants Little to no mixing by wind Little to no mixing by wind Bottom-dwelling organisms and bacteria feed on organic matter and further deplete the oxygen Bottom-dwelling organisms and bacteria feed on organic matter and further deplete the oxygen Little or no light penetration Little or no light penetration

47. Ecological Succession Lakes and ponds evolve differently then flowing water ecosystems. Lakes and ponds evolve differently then flowing water ecosystems. Over time, sediments become higher on the floor of ponds and lakes, and build up. The shallower the lake becomes, the further light can penetrate, so more plants grow on the bottom. Over time, sediments become higher on the floor of ponds and lakes, and build up. The shallower the lake becomes, the further light can penetrate, so more plants grow on the bottom. Water tolerant plants and shrubs move in. Water tolerant plants and shrubs move in. Marshes, swamps, and bogs are usually the mature stage of a lake. Marshes, swamps, and bogs are usually the mature stage of a lake.

48. A lake gradually fills with organic and inorganic sediments, shrinking the area of the pond A lake gradually fills with organic and inorganic sediments, shrinking the area of the pond A bog forms, then a marshy area A bog forms, then a marshy area Finally, a meadow completes the succession stages Finally, a meadow completes the succession stages