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Published byGeorgia Parker Modified over 8 years ago
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Domain Name System ( DNS ) DNS is the system that provides name to address mapping for the internet.
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Name Space The names assigned to machines must be unique because the addresses are unique. A name space that maps each address to a unique name can be organized in two ways: flat or hierarchical
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Domain Name Space The domain name space is hierarchical in design. The names are defined in an inverted- tree structure with the root at the top. The tree can have 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127.
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Domain name space
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Domain names and labels
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Fully qualified domain name If a label is terminated by a null string is called fully qualified domain name An FQDN is a domain name that contains the full name of a host. It contains all labels, from the most specific to the most general, that uniquely define the name of the host.
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Domain A domain is a subtree of the domain name space The name of the domain is the domain name of the node at the top of the structure
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Domains
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Distribution of Name Space The information contained in the domain name space is distributed among many computers called DNS servers.
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Hierarchy of name servers
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Zone Domain name servers store information about part of the domain name space called a zone
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Figure 17.6 Zones and domains
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Root Server A root server is a server whose zone consists of the whole tree. A root server usually does not store any information about domains but delegates its authority to other servers.
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DNS server Defines two types Primary server Secondary server A primary server is a server that stores a file about the zone for which it is an authority. It is responsible for creating, maintaining and updating the zone file. It stores the zone file on a local disk
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Secondary server A secondary server is a server that transfers the complete information about a zone from another server and stores the file on its local disk.
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A primary server loads all information from the disk file; the secondary server loads all information from the primary server. When the secondary downloads information from the primary, it is called zone transfer
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DNS in the internet The domain name space (tree) is divided into three different sections: generic domains, country domains, and the inverse domain.
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DNS used in the Internet
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Generic domains
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Generic domain labels
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Generic domain labels (Continued)
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Country domains
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Resolution Mapping a name to an address or an address to a name is called name-address resolution Resolver A host that needs to map an address to a name or a name to an address calls a DNS client called resolver
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Types Recursive Resolution Iterative Resolution Caching
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DNS Messages types
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The DNS query message consists of a header and question records; the DNS response message consists of a header, question records, answer records, authoritative records, and additional records. header, question records, answer records, authoritative records, and additional records.
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Query and response messages
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Header format
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Identification: 16 bit field used match the response with the query. Use different identification number for each query Flags
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Flag: 16 bit QR(query/response) : 0 query 1 response Opcode: 4 bit: type of query or response AA(authoritative answer) 1 means the name server is authoritative server TC(truncated) truncated to 512(if more) RD(recursion desired) RA(recursion available) rCode: shows the status error.
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Types of record Question Record Consists of 3 fields 1) Query name 2) Query Type 3) Query class
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Query name format
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Types
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Classes
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Resource record format
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The Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) updates the DNS master file dynamically.
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Encapsulation DNS uses UDP as the transport protocol when the size of the response message is less than 512 bytes. If the size of the response message is more than 512 bytes, a TCP connection is used. DNS can use the services of UDP or TCP using the well-known port 53.
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