1. Theory, Research and Evidence-Based Practice

2. Glossary
Know the Key Terms at beginning of chapter

3. Sources of Knowledge
Traditional — passed down from generation to generation
Authoritative — comes from an expert
Scientific — arrived at through the scientific method

4. Types of Knowledge Science — knowledge in and of nursing
Philosophy — the study of wisdom
Process — conceptual frameworks and theories
Historical influences — Florence Nightingale, societal changes
Societal influences — schools of nursing

5. Framework of Nursing Theory
Theory — group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality
Can be tested, changed, or used to guide research
Concepts — abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality
Conceptual framework or model

6. Types of Reasoning
Deductive reasoning — examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas
Inductive reasoning — builds from specific ideas or action to conclusions about general ideas

7. Interdisciplinary Base for Nursing Theories
General systems theory — theory for universal application
Adaptation theory — adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment
Developmental theory — orderly and predictable growth and development

8. Benefits of Nursing Theory
Directs nurses toward common goal
Leads to improved patient care
Provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions

9. Benefits of Nursing Theory
Gives nurses knowledge base necessary for appropriate actions
Helps resolve current nursing issues
Prepares nurses to question assumptions and values
Serves research, education, and practice

10. Goal of Theoretical Frameworks
Holistic patient care
Individualized care to meet needs of patients
Promotion of health
Prevention or treatment of illness

11. Common Concepts in Nursing Theories
Person (patient)
Environment
Health
Nursing

12. Goals of Research Develop explanations (in theories)
Find solutions to problems

13. Methods of Nursing Research
Quantitative
Involves concepts of basic and applied research
Qualitative
Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings
Based on belief that reality is based on various and differing perceptions

14. Protecting Rights of Research Subjects
Informed consent
Federal regulations
Review boards

15. Legal Implications
Ch 7

16. Glossary
Know the Key Terms at beginning of chapter

17. Definition of Law
Standard or rule of conduct established and enforced by government
Designed to protect the rights of the public

18. Types of Laws Public law — government is directly involved
Regulates relationships between individuals and government
Private law — civil law
Regulates relationships among people
Criminal law — concerns state and federal criminal statutes
Defines criminal actions, e.g., murder, theft

19. Four Sources of Law
Constitutions — serve as guides to legislative bodies
Statutes — enacted by a legislative body
Administrative law — empowered by executive officers
Common law — judiciary systems reconciles controversies, creates body of common law

20. Law Terminology Litigation — process of bringing and trying a lawsuit
Plaintiff — person bring suit
Defendant — person being accused of a crime

21. Professional and Legal Regulation of Nursing Practice
Nurse practice acts
Standards
Credentialing
Accreditation
Licensure
Certification

22. Reasons for Suspending or Revoking a License
Drug or alcohol abuse
Fraud, deceptive practice
Criminal acts, previous disciplinary actions
Gross or ordinary negligence
Physical or mental impairments

23. Due Cause for Revoking a License
Notice of investigation
Fair and impartial hearing
Proper decision based on substantial evidence

24. Nurse’s Best Defense of License Investigation
Early legal counseling
Character and expert witnesses
Thorough preparation for all proceedings

25. Criminal Law
Crime — wrong against a person or his or her property as well as the public
Misdemeanor — punishable by fines or less than one year imprisonment
Felony — punishable by imprisonment for more than one year

26. Criminal Law
Tort — a wrong committed by a person against another person or his or her property
Intentional
Unintentional - negligence

27. Intentional Torts Assault and battery Defamation of character
Invasion of privacy
False imprisonment
Fraud

28. Four Elements of Liability
Duty
Breach of duty
Causation
Damages

29. Three Outcomes of Malpractice Litigation
All parties work toward fair settlement.
Case is presented to malpractice arbitration panel.
Case is brought to trial court.

30. Roles of Nurses in Legal Proceedings
Nurse as defendant
Nurse as fact witness
Nurse as expert witness

31. Recommendations for Nurse Defendant
Do not discuss the case with those involved in it.
Do not alter patient records.
Cooperate fully with your attorney.
Be courteous on witness stand.
Do not volunteer any information.

32. Legal Safeguards for Nurses
Informed consent
Contracts
Collective bargaining
Competent practice
Patient education
Documentation

33. Legal Safeguards for Nurses (continued)
Adequate staffing
Professional liability insurance
Risk management programs
Incident reports, JCAHO sentinel events
Patient bill of rights
Good Samaritan Laws

34. Safeguards to Competent Practice
Respecting legal boundaries of practice
Following institutional procedures and policies
Owning personal strengths and weaknesses

35. Safeguards to Competent Practice
Evaluating proposed assignments
Keeping current
Respecting patient rights and developing rapport with patients
Keeping careful documentation
Working within agency for management policies

36. Types of Risk Management Programs
Safety program
Products safety program
Quality assurance programs

37. Information Contained in Incident Reports
Complete name of person and names of witnesses
Factual account of incident
Date, time and place of incident

38. Information Contained in Incident Reports
Pertinent characteristics of person involved
Any equipment or resources being used
Any other important variables
Documentation by physician of medical examination of person involved

39. OSHA Legal Regulations
Use of electrical equipment
Use of isolation techniques
Use of radiation
Use of chemicals

40. Glossary
Know Key Terms at beginning of Chapters 8, 9 & 10