1. DESIGN METHODOLOGY ONTOLOGY EPISTEMOLOGY DESIGN THEORY DESIGN METHOD DESIGN PROCESS DESIGN EXECUTION Epistemology is one of the core areas of philosophy. It is concerned with the nature, sources and limits of knowledge. The concern about whether the world exists, and if so, in what form. A set of constructs used for explaining, solving, and/or predicting phenomena A system of thinking within a particular theoretical framework to bring about solutions to problems. A set of rules within a particular methodological framework to bring about solutions specific to a problem A process specific to design activity to bring about design solution Design solutions appropriate to problems Egocentric Ecocentric Behaviorism Enviromentalism Universal Design Sustainable Design User-centered Design Ecological Design Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

2. The Social Model The social model is based on knowledge of the experience, views and practices of people with disabilities. The model locates the problem within society, rather than within the individual with a disability. From the perspective of the social model, disability is conceived more as diversity in function or the result of discrimination in policies, practices, research, training, and education. Individuals with disabilities are the authorities. They assume a range of roles-- especially the advocate role--to pursue full expression of educational and employment opportunities and citizenship. Modified from:Trends in Rehabilitation and Disability: Transition from a Medical Model to an Integrative Model (part 2) By Kate Seelman, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh (kds31@pitt.edu)kds31@pitt.edu) Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

3. Researchers have also modeled stages of change in organizations as they move towards accessibility. Advocacy Minimal anticipation of needs Reactive to "complaints" Sometimes the person with the disability advocates Other times someone else advocates for the person with the disability People with disabilities receive a different "product" than people without disabilities Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only. Modified from:Trends in Rehabilitation and Disability: Transition from a Medical Model to an Integrative Model (part 2) By Kate Seelman, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh (kds31@pitt.edu)kds31@pitt.edu)

4. Accommodation Anticipation of needs Prepared to meet needs "Complaints" are reduced as there is a system in place People with disabilities still receive a different "product" than people without disabilities Likely requires additional time, money, effort, etc. Accessibility Proactive Recognition that better design can reduce the need for individual accommodation Everybody receives the same "product" People with disabilities do not require additional time, money, effort, etc. Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only. Modified from:Trends in Rehabilitation and Disability: Transition from a Medical Model to an Integrative Model (part 2) By Kate Seelman, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh (kds31@pitt.edu)kds31@pitt.edu)

5. The social model is based on a knowledge base of experiences of individuals with disabilities living in society. Adoption of the social model has led to demands to educate and train architects, designers, engineers and lawyers, as well as people with disabilities. Product design curricula may include the following considerations (see figures below): Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only. Modified from:Trends in Rehabilitation and Disability: Transition from a Medical Model to an Integrative Model (part 2) By Kate Seelman, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh (kds31@pitt.edu)kds31@pitt.edu)

6. Disability World A web-zine of international disability news and views Issue no. 28 January 2007 Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only. Modified from:Trends in Rehabilitation and Disability: Transition from a Medical Model to an Integrative Model (part 2) By Kate Seelman, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh (kds31@pitt.edu)kds31@pitt.edu)

7. ‘Mental models in design teams’, focuses on the role of individual cognition in a social context with a major emphasis on the development and exchange of mental models in design groups. http://www.io.tudelft.nl/en/organisation/departments/product-innovation- management/the-design-methodology-group/ Delft University of technology Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

8. http://www.hbsconsult.com/ux_design.php# Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

9. http://www.paznow.com/ucd/ Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

10. http://www.designkit.org/methods Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

11. http://www.frogdesign.com/work/frog-collective-action-toolkit.html Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

12. http://www.frogdesign.com/work/frog-collective-action-toolkit.html

13. EcoLabs EcoLabs is a studio for environmental communication in London, UK. EcoLabs was founded by Dr. Jody Joanna Boehenrt in 2006. EcoLabs is a not for profit graphic design research lab engaged in the visual communication of complex problems. We create resources, projects and programs that nurture ecological literacy, critical whole systems thinking and agency in response to environmental challenges. http://cargocollective.com/ecolabs/Method-Diagrams Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

16. http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org/images/sdc2011/spirals.pdf Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.

17. http://biorob.epfl.ch/pleurobot Disclaimer: No copyright infringement or claim intended, all contents are for educational purpose only.