1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. THE MAKING OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN A WHITE AMERICA CHAPTER 7

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Slavery The U.S. has the eighth largest Black population in the world The U.S. has the eighth largest Black population in the world Slavery began in 1619 with 20 Africans in Jamestown as indentured servants Slavery began in 1619 with 20 Africans in Jamestown as indentured servants 1660’s British colonies passed laws 1660’s British colonies passed laws Blacks became slaves for life Blacks became slaves for life Interracial marriage was forbidden Interracial marriage was forbidden Children of slaves bore the status of the mother regardless of father’s race Children of slaves bore the status of the mother regardless of father’s race

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Slave Codes Both contemporary institutional and individual racism, central in today’s conflicts, have their origins in the institution of slavery Both contemporary institutional and individual racism, central in today’s conflicts, have their origins in the institution of slavery Legal and protected by the US Constitution as interpreted by the US Supreme Court Legal and protected by the US Constitution as interpreted by the US Supreme Court Slavery in US rested on 5 central conditions: Slavery in US rested on 5 central conditions: Slavery was for life Slavery was for life Status was inherited Status was inherited Slaves were considered mere property Slaves were considered mere property Slaves were denied rights Slaves were denied rights Coercion was used to maintain the system Coercion was used to maintain the system

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 1 Could not marry or meet with a free Black 1 Could not marry or meet with a free Black 2. Marriage between slaves not legally recognized 2. Marriage between slaves not legally recognized 3.Slave could not legally buy or sell anything except by special arrangement 3.Slave could not legally buy or sell anything except by special arrangement 4. Slave could not possess weapons or liquor 4. Slave could not possess weapons or liquor 5. Slave could not quarrel with or use abusive language toward Whites 5. Slave could not quarrel with or use abusive language toward Whites 6. Slave could not possess property (including money), except as allowed by his or her owner 6. Slave could not possess property (including money), except as allowed by his or her owner

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 7. Slave could make no will, nor could he or she inherit anything 7. Slave could make no will, nor could he or she inherit anything 8. Slave could not make a contract or hire him or herself out 8. Slave could not make a contract or hire him or herself out 9. Slave could not leave a plantation without a pass noting his or her destination and time of return 9. Slave could not leave a plantation without a pass noting his or her destination and time of return 10. No one, including Whites, was to teach a slave (and in some areas even a free Black) to read or write or to give a slave a book, including the Bible 10. No one, including Whites, was to teach a slave (and in some areas even a free Black) to read or write or to give a slave a book, including the Bible

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 11. Slave could not gamble 11. Slave could not gamble 12. Slave had to obey established curfews 12. Slave had to obey established curfews 13. Slave could not testify in court except against another slave 13. Slave could not testify in court except against another slave Rules varied by state and were not always enforced Rules varied by state and were not always enforced Violations dealt with in a variety of ways Violations dealt with in a variety of ways Mutilation and branding Mutilation and branding Imprisonment was rare; most were whipped Imprisonment was rare; most were whipped Owner immune from prosecution for physical abuse Owner immune from prosecution for physical abuse

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Most slaves were from Northwestern African societies and were diverse in: Most slaves were from Northwestern African societies and were diverse in: language language kinship systems kinship systems economic systems economic systems political systems political systems Slavery and its justifying ideology emerged out of Western Colonialism Slavery and its justifying ideology emerged out of Western Colonialism Ideology of slavery and the slave codes were invented primarily to maintain the subjugation of Africans Ideology of slavery and the slave codes were invented primarily to maintain the subjugation of Africans

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. African Americans and Africa Survival of African culture documented in: Survival of African culture documented in: Folklore Folklore Religion Religion Language Language Music Music Afrocentric perspective Afrocentric perspective Argues that some aspects of African culture, such as art forms, have so permeated Western culture that we mistakenly believe origins are European Argues that some aspects of African culture, such as art forms, have so permeated Western culture that we mistakenly believe origins are European

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Attack on Slavery Slavery as an institution was vulnerable to outside opinion Slavery as an institution was vulnerable to outside opinion Abolitionists Abolitionists Whites and free Blacks who opposed slavery Whites and free Blacks who opposed slavery Did not believe in racial equality; i.e., Abraham Lincoln Did not believe in racial equality; i.e., Abraham Lincoln Spoke out against slavery and the harm to the nation Spoke out against slavery and the harm to the nation Slaves revolted Slaves revolted Between 40,000 and 100,000 escaped from South Between 40,000 and 100,000 escaped from South Fugitive slave acts provided for return, even those who reached free states Fugitive slave acts provided for return, even those who reached free states

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Not all attempted to escape because failure meant death Not all attempted to escape because failure meant death Resisted through passive resistance Resisted through passive resistance Feigned clumsiness or illness Feigned clumsiness or illness Pretended not to understand, see, or hear Pretended not to understand, see, or hear Ridiculed Whites with mocking subtle humor that owners did not comprehend Ridiculed Whites with mocking subtle humor that owners did not comprehend Destroyed farm implements and committed similar acts of sabotage Destroyed farm implements and committed similar acts of sabotage

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Slavery’s Aftermath The period of reconstruction 1867-1877 The period of reconstruction 1867-1877 Military Governors Military Governors Black participation in the political process Black participation in the political process Fifteenth Amendment ratified 1870 Fifteenth Amendment ratified 1870 The emergence of segregation laws (Jim Crow) The emergence of segregation laws (Jim Crow) Supreme court decisions and segregation Supreme court decisions and segregation Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) White primary elections White primary elections

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Reparations For Slavery Slavery Reparation Slavery Reparation Refers to the act of making amends for the injustice of slavery Refers to the act of making amends for the injustice of slavery What form should reparation take? What form should reparation take? An official apology An official apology Financial compensation Financial compensation Corporations that benefit from slavery and financial compensation Corporations that benefit from slavery and financial compensation Congressman John Conyers (Detroit) Congressman John Conyers (Detroit) Commission to study appropriate remedies Commission to study appropriate remedies

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Absence of an official apology angers many African Americans Absence of an official apology angers many African Americans In 1990’s, documentation emerged that private companies that still exist benefited from slavery In 1990’s, documentation emerged that private companies that still exist benefited from slavery Railroads Railroads Insurance Companies Insurance Companies Attitudes divided along racial lines on government cash payments Attitudes divided along racial lines on government cash payments Most African Americans and some citizens disappointed by unwillingness to debate issue in Washington, D.C. Most African Americans and some citizens disappointed by unwillingness to debate issue in Washington, D.C.

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Challenge of Black Leadership Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama Politics of Accommodation Politics of Accommodation Approach to White supremacy Approach to White supremacy Forgo social equality until Whites saw Blacks were deserving Forgo social equality until Whites saw Blacks were deserving Essential theme was compromise Essential theme was compromise Self help and economic self determination Self help and economic self determination Congratulated by President Grover Cleveland Congratulated by President Grover Cleveland Organization became the Urban League Organization became the Urban League

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. W.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois Born to a free family in Massachusetts Born to a free family in Massachusetts First African-American to receive a Doctorate from Harvard First African-American to receive a Doctorate from Harvard Niagara Movement Niagara Movement Racism as the problem of Whites Racism as the problem of Whites Advocated the policy of the talented tenth Advocated the policy of the talented tenth Most outspoken critic of Booker T. Washington Most outspoken critic of Booker T. Washington Organization became the NAACP Organization became the NAACP

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Niagara Movement DuBois criticized Washington’s influence in Washington, D.C. DuBois criticized Washington’s influence in Washington, D.C. Washington’s power being used to stifle African Americans who spoke out against the politics of accommodation Washington’s power being used to stifle African Americans who spoke out against the politics of accommodation Washington caused the transfer of funds from academic programs to vocational education Washington caused the transfer of funds from academic programs to vocational education Washington’s statements encouraged Whites to place the burden of the Black’s problems on the Blacks themselves Washington’s statements encouraged Whites to place the burden of the Black’s problems on the Blacks themselves

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. DuBois advocated theory of the talented tenth as alternative DuBois advocated theory of the talented tenth as alternative Privileged Blacks, 1/10 th must serve the other 9/10 th of the Black population Privileged Blacks, 1/10 th must serve the other 9/10 th of the Black population African American education should be academic to improve their positions African American education should be academic to improve their positions Invited 29 Blacks for strategy session near Niagara Falls Invited 29 Blacks for strategy session near Niagara Falls Encountered difficulty gaining financial support and recruiting of prominent people Encountered difficulty gaining financial support and recruiting of prominent people

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1909 Consisted of Blacks and Whites Consisted of Blacks and Whites Founded by the leaders of the Niagara Movement Founded by the leaders of the Niagara Movement Marked the merging of White liberalism and Black militancy Marked the merging of White liberalism and Black militancy

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Reemergence of Black Protest World War II signaled improved economic conditions for Whites and Blacks World War II signaled improved economic conditions for Whites and Blacks Efforts by Blacks to contribute to the war effort at home hampered by discrimination Efforts by Blacks to contribute to the war effort at home hampered by discrimination Philip Randolph Philip Randolph Threatened march on Washington in 1941 Threatened march on Washington in 1941 President Roosevelt responded by issuing executive order President Roosevelt responded by issuing executive order Fair Employment Practices Commission set precedent for federal intervention in job discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission set precedent for federal intervention in job discrimination

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1942 The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1942 Founded to fight discrimination with nonviolent direct action Founded to fight discrimination with nonviolent direct action Restrictive Covenant Restrictive Covenant A private contract entered into by neighborhood property owners stipulating that property could not be sold or rented to certain minority groups A private contract entered into by neighborhood property owners stipulating that property could not be sold or rented to certain minority groups Declared unconstitutional in 1948 Declared unconstitutional in 1948 Military desegregated by President Truman in 1948 Military desegregated by President Truman in 1948

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Civil Rights Movement Desegregation of public schools. Desegregation of public schools. De jure segregation De jure segregation Segregation that results from children being assigned to schools specifically to maintain racially separate schools Segregation that results from children being assigned to schools specifically to maintain racially separate schools NAACP - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, and U. S. Supreme Court decision NAACP - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, and U. S. Supreme Court decision Marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement Marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement James Meredith (1962) University of Mississippi James Meredith (1962) University of Mississippi

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Civil Disobedience Based on the belief that people have the right to disobey the law under certain circumstances Based on the belief that people have the right to disobey the law under certain circumstances Widely used by Martin Luther King, Jr. Widely used by Martin Luther King, Jr. Active non violent resistance to evil Active non violent resistance to evil Win friendship and understanding of opponents Win friendship and understanding of opponents Attack forces of evil rather than people doing evil Attack forces of evil rather than people doing evil Accept suffering without retaliation Accept suffering without retaliation Refusing to hate the opponent Refusing to hate the opponent Acting with the conviction that the universe is on the side of justice Acting with the conviction that the universe is on the side of justice

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Urban Violence and Oppression Explaining Violence Explaining Violence Riff-Raff/Rotten Apple Theory Riff-Raff/Rotten Apple Theory Riot participants were mostly unemployed youth with criminal records Riot participants were mostly unemployed youth with criminal records Discredited the rioters and left the barrel of apples, White society, untouched Discredited the rioters and left the barrel of apples, White society, untouched Relative Deprivation Relative Deprivation The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities Rising Expectations Rising Expectations Refers to the increasing sense of frustration that legitimate needs are being blocked Refers to the increasing sense of frustration that legitimate needs are being blocked

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Black Power Born not of Black but of White violence Born not of Black but of White violence Phrase frightened Whites and offended Blacks Phrase frightened Whites and offended Blacks Black leaders feared Whites would retaliate more violently Black leaders feared Whites would retaliate more violently Stokely Carmichael Stokely Carmichael Rejected the goal of assimilation in favor of solidarity Rejected the goal of assimilation in favor of solidarity Black Panther Party Black Panther Party Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California in October 1966 Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California in October 1966

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Religious Force Black leaders emerged from the pulpits Black leaders emerged from the pulpits Churches served as the basis for community organization in neighborhoods abandoned by businesses and even government Churches served as the basis for community organization in neighborhoods abandoned by businesses and even government Religion always a source of political change and spiritual strength from slavery to the present Religion always a source of political change and spiritual strength from slavery to the present Most African Americans are overwhelmingly Protestant Most African Americans are overwhelmingly Protestant The Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims, has attracted a large number of followers and received the most attention The Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims, has attracted a large number of followers and received the most attention

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The New Immigration New immigration trends from Africa and the Caribbean New immigration trends from Africa and the Caribbean Diverse group of young immigrants as students, to join relatives and as refugees Diverse group of young immigrants as students, to join relatives and as refugees Experience the same problems of transitioning into a new society experienced by other-immigrants Experience the same problems of transitioning into a new society experienced by other-immigrants

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. QUESTIONS

28. In what ways were slaves defined as property? In what ways were slaves defined as property?

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Discuss the institution of slavery based on the sociological perspectives of symbolic interaction, conflict theory, and functionalism? Discuss the institution of slavery based on the sociological perspectives of symbolic interaction, conflict theory, and functionalism?

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. If civil disobedience is nonviolent, why is so much violence associated with it? If civil disobedience is nonviolent, why is so much violence associated with it?

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Describe the importance of the conflict between DuBois and Washington regarding academic and vocational programs and what it meant for the future of African Americans. Describe the importance of the conflict between DuBois and Washington regarding academic and vocational programs and what it meant for the future of African Americans.

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Why has religion proved to be a force for both unity and disunity among African Americans? Why has religion proved to be a force for both unity and disunity among African Americans?

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Growing numbers of Blacks are immigrating to the United States from the Caribbean and the African continent. What impact may this have on what it means to be Black or African American in the United States? What would the social construction of race say about this development? Growing numbers of Blacks are immigrating to the United States from the Caribbean and the African continent. What impact may this have on what it means to be Black or African American in the United States? What would the social construction of race say about this development?

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Throughout their history in America, the people known as African Americans today have had other titles of identification. They were Negroes, then Colored, Black during the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, and now African American. America has many immigrants from Africa, some of whom are White, and can also be called African American. What does this mean to the descendants of American slaves? What title can they develop that will distinguish them from immigrant African Americans, Black or White? Throughout their history in America, the people known as African Americans today have had other titles of identification. They were Negroes, then Colored, Black during the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, and now African American. America has many immigrants from Africa, some of whom are White, and can also be called African American. What does this mean to the descendants of American slaves? What title can they develop that will distinguish them from immigrant African Americans, Black or White?

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. What would you consider the three most important achievements in civil rights for African Americans since 1900? What roles did White and Blacks play in making the events happen? What would you consider the three most important achievements in civil rights for African Americans since 1900? What roles did White and Blacks play in making the events happen?