1. Animal Cells, Tissues, and Organs - Exercise 12
Objectives
-Know the four main types of human tissues
-Be able to identify various tissues.
-You have to learn how to distinguish tissues.
-Know the three different types of white blood cells.

2. Page 1 - Lab Book
Most multicellular animals exhibit the organization of cells into special types of cells called tissues. In turn, tissues are organized into organs, and organs into organ systems. Although tissue organization is found in both plants and animals, the types of animal tissue are not the same as those found in plants. For example, plants do not have muscle or nervous tissue.

3. What are the four main tissue types in a human?

4. What are the four main tissues in a human?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve
tissues.
If your going to take Anatomy and Physiology this is going to come back, so keep this in the back of your head.

5. Epithelial Tissue

6. Page 1 - Lab Book
Epithelial Tissue: This type of tissue covers the exterior of the body and lines all internal spaces, tubes, and cavities. Epithelial tissue protects the underlying tissues from dehydration and mechanical damage, regulates the passage of materials, may secrete materials into a space, cavity or tube, may absorb materials from a space, cavity, or tube, and may provide sensory functions.

7. Epithelium is classified according to the shape of its cells
Epithelium is classified according to the shape of its cells. There are 3 types of cell shapes. Major types of epithelial tissues:
Squamos (simple or stratified) à think of “squish” or FLAT
Cuboidal (simple or stratified) à think of “cube” or SQUARE shaped
Columnar (simple) just as the words sounds COLUMN
How do you tell the differentiate between simple vs. stratified epithelium?
Simple this is simple so there is only ONE layer
Stratified opposite of simple so it’s complicated or MULTIPLE layers
Pseudostratified columnar à tricky! It looks like it is stratified, but remember to look for the nuclei at different levels. SO IN reallity this is a simple Columnar epithelium.

8. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - Kidney Tubles
Identify: Cuboidal cell, nucleus

9. Stratified Squamos Epithelium - Esophagus
Identify: Stratified Squamos
Epithelium & nucleus

10. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium - Trachea
Identify: Cilia, goblet cells
, columnar cell, nucleus.

11. Connective Tissue

12. Page 3 - Lab Book
This what it sounds like it connects everything together. It’s a diverse group of animal tissue which includes cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, blood, and fat. They support the body, hold tissues and organs together, defend the body, and store food. The cells are not tightly packed, but rather are typically suspended and scattered in an extensive extracellular matrix. The classification of connective tissue is based more on function and the nature of the matrix (liquid, fibery, solid) than on the morphology of the cells themselves.

13. Cartilage - Trachea
Identify: Chondrocyte,
,lacuna, matrix, & nucleus.

14. Bone (Osseous Tissue) – Ground Bone
Identify: Haversion canal, Osteocytes, matrix, & canaliculi

15. Blood – Red Blood Cell aka Erythrocytes (RBC) & White Blood Cell aka leucocytes (WBC)

16. Blood – WBC - Neutrophils
Multi-lobed nucleus in which the individual lobes may be connected.

17. Blood – WBC - Monocyte
Single curved or horse-shoe
shaped nucleus.

18. Blood – WBC - Lymphocyte
Nucleus is very large and
occupies more than 85-90%. Some are called B cells and produce antibodies, and
help with immunity.

19. Adipose Tissue (fat)
Identify: Cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole.

20. Areolar Tissue
Identify: Matrix, collagenous fibers = light pink threads, elastic fibers = hair like structures, fibroblast = cell.

21. Muscle Tissue

22. Page 7 - Lab Book
The functions of muscle (contractile) tissue are to move material within the body, move body parts, or move the entire organism in space. All muscle cells execute their function by contracting. There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

23. Skeletal Muscle Identify: Striations = black lines,
nuclei = black dots, & fiber aka skeletal muscle cells = whole pink/red structure.

24. It’s smooth because its missing striations, but it has all
components of muscle cells.
Smooth Muscle
-Circular layer of smooth muscle = innermost layer (thickest)
-longitudinal layer of smooth muscle = outermost layer
Identify: Cell membrane, nucleus

25. Nervous Tissue

26. Page 9 - Lab Book
This is composed of neurons that transmit nerve impulses and neuroglial cells that support and nourish the neurons. Nervous tissue functions in the coordination of the activities of the organism.

27. Nervous Tissue = neurons – Spinal Cord
Identify: Cell body, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasmic extension, neuroglial cell.

28. Sperm Cells
Identify: Sperm head & flagellum

29. Questions: Page 10-12 - Lab Book
2. What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?
4. Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in lab that have a hard and dense matrix?
Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in lab today that have a soft and watery matrix.
7. What is the function of a neuron?
What is the main function of glial cells (neuroglia)?

30. Questions: Page 10-12 - Lab Book
2. What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?
4. Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in lab that have a hard and dense matrix? Bone and cartilage.
Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in lab today that have a soft and watery matrix. Blood, lymph, or Areolar
7. What is the function of a neuron? Send nerve impulses throughout body.
What is the main function of glial cells (neuroglia)? To maintain the neuron, clean it, feed it, and do everything for them.

31. Questions: Page 12 - Lab Book8.
a) How is an organ different from a tissue?
b) How is an organ system different from an organ?

32. Acknowledgments Tacy Holliday Meg Birney Scot Magnotta Kristin Hensley
Alam Rashidul
Barbara Hoberman
& anybody who I forgot