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20th Century Conflicts.

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Presentation on theme: "20th Century Conflicts."— Presentation transcript:

1 20th Century Conflicts

2 Warm up Question: Following Reconstruction what were some of the challenges facing the United States?

3 Answer: Equality for blacks and whites Rebuilding the war zones
Combining the Confederacy and the Union Establishing a role within international politics Remaining neutral around the globe

4 Complete the following tasks related to the Spanish American War
Please read the article “War with Spain”

5 The Spanish-American War April-December 1898
The US had a large interest in Cuba (Spanish controlled). Jose Marti led a rebellion in Cuba. Spain responded by sending General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to round up Cubans and put them in concentration camps. American journalists wrote of the atrocities in Cuba to gain US support for the Cuban cause. Pres. McKinley tried to avoid the Cuba/Spanish conflict, but he was interested in Cuba so it was difficult. In addition, the Spanish minister to the US called McKinley weak. (de Lome letter)

6 How it started… A few days later the U.S.S. Maine exploded in the Havana Harbor, killing 260 American men. Cause????? Spanish???? In April 1898, the US declared war on the Spanish.

7 Key Battles 1st battle-in the Philippines, General George Dewey defeated the Spanish naval fleet and gained the support of the Filipinos (who also wanted freedom from Spanish control.) Spanish troops in the Philippines soon surrendered to the Americans.

8 Key Battles 2nd battle-in Cuba, weak American forces (African American regiments and the Rough Riders) defeated Spanish forces. Battle of San Juan Hill.

9 The End of the War… US and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris (1898) to end the Spanish-American War. The US got Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. We also guided the Cubans into setting up their own government.

10 Complete the following worksheets related to the Spanish American War
Create a ten square comic strip or story board using the information in the article, “The World of 1898: The Spanish American War.” Be sure to include people, quotations, and events from the article.

11 What did the Spanish American War show about the United States?
Warm up: Question: What did the Spanish American War show about the United States?

12 Answer: That the U.S. was now a force to be reckoned with and it had international interests. Spanish satirical drawing published in 1896, criticizing the United States behavior regarding Cuba.

13 World War 1

14 Four MAIN Causes of WW1: Militarism- mass armies were being raised by countries, led to competition Alliances-competition among European nations, led to the buddy system Imperialism-fight for foreign lands, led to competition Nationalism-ethnic groups wanted to become independent countries, led to competition

15 Archduke Franz Ferdinand
How it started… Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand: (heir to the Austria-Hungary empire) he was assassinated by a terrorist group from Serbia, who wanted Bosnia to become free of Austria-Hungary and become part of Serbia. (June, 1914) Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. AH had the support of Germany and Serbia had Russia on its side. Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary and soon after on Germany too. In response, Germany declared war on Russia. Next, Great Britain declared war on Germany. Great Britain was also an ally with France and Russia. The great powers of Europe were now at war. PBS Allied Animation Archduke Franz Ferdinand

16 2 Main Alliance Systems:
Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Also called the Triple Alliance) (Orange) Allied Powers- Serbia, France, Great Britain, Russia (later the US) (Also called the Triple Entente) (Green) Neutral (Grey)

17 The War… Governments used propaganda to generate interest for the war.
The Western Front- Germany’s Schlieffen Plan vs. France. Both sides used trench warfare and a stalemate occurred. The Eastern Front- This side had heavy loses. Russia vs. Germany/Austrian-Hungary. Italy turned its back on A-H. (The Outbreak of War) Trench Warfare-Soldiers built deep trenches that were protected by barbed wire. War in the Air- Initially used to spot enemies, airplanes soon became used for attacks. The Germans also used zeppelins. By 1917, the European war had spread to Africa and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central powers (Germany & A-H). The US tried to remain neutral, but Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare (sank the Lusitania) and the Zimmerman Note. By April 1917, the US entered the war and brought a boost, money, and supplies.

18 The Russian Revolution
At the onset of WWI the Russian army was completely unprepared for war and the monarchy was in shambles. The Russia citizens soon took things into their own hands. First, they assassinated members of the ruling class, second, working class women in Petrograd went on strike over bread rationing in the city, and soon men and soldiers joined the women in these marches. In response to the chaos the Duma, (the Russia legislative body) ordered Czar Nicholas to step down, he did, and the 300 year-old Romanov dynasty ended. The provisional (temporary) government decided to carry on with the war to preserve Russia’s honor. This decision upset most of the population.

19 The Russian Revolution (cont’d.)
Another growing problem in Russia were the soviets. These groups represented the more radical interests of the lower classes. One group, the Bolsheviks-came to play a crucial role. The Bolsheviks were under the leadership of V.I. Lenin became a party dedicated to violent revolution. Lenin encouraged the Bolsheviks to gain control of all soviet groups and together they could overthrow the provisional government. In a fairly calm overthrow the Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government and placed the power in the hands of the soviets. The power was officially given to Lenin. The Bolsheviks who soon renamed themselves the Communists moved to restore order in Russia. On March 3, 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces. This officially took Russia out of WWI. Civil War in Russia- many Russians were opposed to the Communist regime in Russia. Fights broke out in Russia. Finally, the czar and his family were captured and killed and Lenin was in total control of Russia. By 1921, the Communists were a single party system that had gained total control of Russia. Now called Soviet Union!

20 End of the War The Germans were defeated outside Paris, and German leaders declared that the war was lost. The German leader, William II fell to public pressure and left the country. On November 11, 1918 the German government signed an armistice (an agreement to end the fighting.) Following the war revolutionary forces in Germany formed the German Communist Party. Rebellions also took place in Austria-Hungary. These revolts led to the collapse of the empire—independent countries soon followed; Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The Peace Settlements- In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris to make a final settlement of the Great War. The fight was led by US president Woodrow Wilson and his “Fourteen Points.” Wilson-wanted to est. The League of Nations, to prevent future wars. France & Great Britain- wanted to punish Germany/revenge. The Treaty of Versailles- consisted of 5 separate peace settlements with the defeated nations-Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The treaty was very harsh for Germany. They had to accept a war guilt clause, a new map of Europe was drawn, land switched hands, militaries were reduced, and an official peace keeping body was established.

21 The End Result WWI seems to have been caused by the 4 MAIN causes, plus the competitive nature that existed in Europe before the war. Once the war was over there were feelings of anger and resentment, especially for the losers.

22 New Map of Europe (1922)

23 Complete the following worksheets related to World War 1
Causes of World War 1 First World War Weapons Two Revolutions in Russia & From Lenin to Stalin WW I Games

24 Briefly explain the four MAIN causes of World War I.
Warm up: Question: Briefly explain the four MAIN causes of World War I. Map of the participants in World War I: Allied Powers in green, Central Powers in yellow, and neutral countries in grey

25 Answer: Militarism- mass armies were being raised by countries, led to competition Alliances-competition among European nations, led to the buddy system Imperialism-fight for foreign lands, led to competition Nationalism-ethnic groups wanted to become independent countries, led to competition

26 F.D.R. The Great Depression

27 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
FDR was president of the United States from March (Democrat) He is the only president to serve more than 2 terms. He was president during the Great Depression and for almost all of WW2. (he died in office during his 4th term)

28 FDR He was born in 1882 in New York, where he became governor in 1928.
He and Eleanor, who were related (5th cousins, once removed), married in 1905. His alma mater is Harvard. He later studied law at Columbia. Paralyzed by Polio at age 39, Roosevelt used a wheelchair. It was important to hide this from the American people so they believed this president was strong. He died at his vacation home of a cerebral hemorrhage during his fourth term in 1945.

29 FDR "Fear itself": FDR gave his famous "fear itself" speech at his first inauguration on March 4, (Depression) "Four freedoms": His 1941 State of the Union address is known as the "Four Freedoms" speech. (WWII) "Date which will live in infamy": He gave his famous "date which will live in infamy" speech the day after the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor.

30 FDR FDR was the only president elected to more than two terms before he suddenly died in 1945. It's thought that he may have partly inspired Congress to pass the 22nd Amendment, which limited presidential terms in 1947.

31 FDR Economic programs: The “New Deal” programs were implemented during his first presidency in response to the Great Depression. The goals of these programs were to get Americans back to work and end the depression. Helping children: The president founded an organization, now known as the March of Dimes.

32 NEW DEAL Plan created by FDR to bring the economy out of the great Depression!

33 The Causes of the Great Depression
Tariffs and War Debt-fewer US goods in global market A crisis in the farm sector Availability of easy credit An unequal distribution of wealth MAIN PROBLEM: Failure of the Federal Reserve to influence the money supply. The auction of a farmer’s property in Iowa in the 1930s.

34 The Great Depression The stock market crashed in October 1929.
Throughout the 1920s a long boom took stock prices to peaks never before seen. From 1920 to 1929 stocks more than quadrupled in value. Many investors became convinced that stocks were a sure thing and borrowed heavily to invest more money in the market. But in 1929, the bubble burst and stocks started down an even more precipitous cliff. In 1932 and 1933, they hit bottom, down about 80% from their highs in the late 1920s. This had sharp effects on the economy. Demand for goods declined because people felt poor because of their losses in the stock market. New investment could not be financed through the sale of stock, because no one would buy the new stock. But perhaps the most important effect was chaos in the banking system as banks tried to collect on loans made to stock market investors whose holdings were now worth little or nothing at all. Worse, many banks had themselves invested depositors' money in the stock market. When word spread that banks' assets contained huge uncollectable loans and almost worthless stock certificates, depositors rushed to withdraw their savings. Unable to raise fresh funds from the Federal Reserve System, banks began failing by the hundreds in 1932 and 1933.

35 A crowd gathered on Wall Street after the crash
The Great Depression But perhaps the most important effect was chaos in the banking system as banks tried to collect on loans made to stock market investors whose holdings were now worth little or nothing at all. Worse, many banks had themselves invested depositors' money in the stock market. When word spread that banks' assets contained huge uncollectable loans and almost worthless stock certificates, depositors rushed to withdraw their savings. Unable to raise fresh funds from the Federal Reserve System, banks began failing by the hundreds in 1932 and 1933. A crowd gathered on Wall Street after the crash

36 The Depression Devastates People’s Lives
Depression existed largely in the cities Shantytowns were created Bread lines and soup kitchens became necessary Mexicans, Latinos, and African Americans were the hardest hit Many farmers lost their land Farmers in the Dust Bowl region braved horrible storms and many left to find work on the west coast

37 Effects on the American Family
The Great Depression put a severe strain on the American family. Men became depressed that they could not support their families-300,000 hoboes wandered the streets. Women did extra jobs & shopped “smarter” to help their families. Kids suffered a great deal too. They had nutrition problems and many schools were closed. Many kids & teenagers were also forced to go to work. Lack of medical care. Lack of housing. During the Great Depression the suicide rate rose 30%. The Great Depression led to a series of crushed dreams for an entire generation

38 Complete the following worksheets related to FDR and the Great Depression
Letter to President Roosevelt during the Depression. (5 facts) President FDR reading and quiz

39 Question: Name two reasons why the Great Depression occurred.
Warm up Question: Name two reasons why the Great Depression occurred.

40 Answer: Tariffs and War Debt-fewer US goods in global market
A crisis in the farm sector Availability of easy credit An unequal distribution of wealth MAIN PROBLEM: Failure of the Federal Reserve to influence the money supply.

41 World War 2 1939-1945 Pearl Harbor Mussolini: Italy Hitler: Germany
Tojo: Japan

42 How it started… Germany was very bitter from the results of WWI…these feelings led to WWII. Hitler had ideas of a pure Aryan race and he also believed that the Nazis were capable of building a great civilization. German conquests would require new land and new servants. He began by planning and building his army. European countries, especially Great Britain, began to practice a policy known as appeasement towards Germany. Mussolini (Italy) and Hitler formed and alliance during this period. Germany also signed an alliance with Japan. By 1937, Hitler knew that Germany was a powerful nation, he started to take over other regions. He began with Austria and Czechoslovakia. Hitler promised to not make any more demands. Hitler then formed an alliance with Stalin (Soviet Union.) Shortly after on September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany—World War II had begun.

43 How it started… While Hitler was taking over Europe, Japan had its own goals in Asia. Japan’s goal was to teach the rest of Asia how to modernize, just like they had recently done. Japan tried to use its positive relationship with Hitler’s Germany to take over more territory and gain power. However, Japan became weary of Germany’s plans and began to expand on their own. The U.S. warned Japan to stop or sanctions would be issued. Japan refused because they needed the raw materials.

44 The Course of the War Sides
The Grand Alliance: Great Britain, the US, and the USSR (also France) The Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan Hitler and the Nazis Germany used the blitzkrieg, or “lighting war” to take over Poland. Hitler then moved on to take over Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Germany was in control of central and Western Europe. Germany than began an air strike against Britain in August of Initially, the attacks were successful, but soon the English military was able to rebuild and retaliate against the Nazis. Hitler then took over Greece and Yugoslavia and by June of 1941 he had invaded the Soviet Union. However, Hitler had not planned for the harsh Soviet winter and his troops were defeated in December. The Germans also took over Northern Africa. Japan On Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, and the British colony of Malaya. They also attacked the Dutch East Indies and a number of other islands in the Pacific. By spring of 1942, most of Southeast Asia and much of the western Pacific had fallen to the Japanese. America became involved in the war against Japan, and four days later Hitler declared war on the US.

45 The Course of the War (contd.)
In May of 1942 US forces stopped Japanese advancement and saved Australia from invasion. At the Battle of Midway Island the U.S. took control of the Pacific. Yalta Conference: FDR, Stalin, Churchill; created the United Nations, decided how to end the war By May 1943, the Axis powers were severally weakened, the last step was to move into Italy and invade. Mussolini was arrested and a new government was set up It wasn’t until a year later that Rome was captured in June 1944. D-Day: June 6, 1944, allied forces led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy (France) and moved into France and eventually into Germany where they met up with Soviet troops by April of This is considered by most to be the greatest naval invasion in history. (Turning point of WWII) At the same time the Soviets continued to reclaim German conquests and pound German troops in Eastern Europe. By January 1945, Hitler had moved into a bunker 55 feet below the city of Berlin to direct the final stages of the war. All the while he blamed the Jews for the war. On April 30, 1945 Hitler committed suicide (two days after Mussolini was shot and killed.) On May 7, 1945 German commanders surrendered and WWII in Europe was over. Today Hitler’s bunker sits below a parking lot.

46 The Course of the War (contd.)
However, the war in Asia continued. US President Harry Truman (FDR had died in April) decided that instead of invading Japan the US should drop the two atomic bombs that it had available. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 three days later the second was dropped on Nagasaki. Emperor Hirohito forced the Japanese military to surrender. WWII in Asia was over. The war was over and the total death toll was somewhere around 50 million (17 mil in battle and 20 mil in civilian casualties.) Potsdam Conference: Stalin ,Truman (U.S.), Churchill/Attlee; argued about the newly created nations from WWII. What to do about elections in war-torn Europe? Free or Government run? Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima

47 Map of Europe 20th Century Conflicts\WWII_War_Map1.pps Watch how easily the Axis powers took over Europe and the Mediterranean.

48 The Cold War ( ) With the end of World War II a “Cold War” developed between the United States and the Soviet Union. France and Great Britain also aided the U.S. The U.S. and S.U. divided up Europe and tried to influence their newly forming/rebuilding governments. The U.S. encouraged a democratic system based on capitalism. The Soviet Union encouraged a socialist system based on communism.

49 WW2 Propaganda posters (U.S.)

50 Complete the following worksheets related to World War 2
Use the Causes or Main Ideas handout to visually represent the topics. Groups of 3 people

51 Question: How did WW 2 change the course of history?
Warm up Question: How did WW 2 change the course of history?

52 Answer: The world became nervous about global powers
Dictators made people nervous The U.N. was created The U.S. and the S.U. arose as superpowers The Great Depression ended

53 Complete the following worksheets related to World War 2
Hiroshima & Nagasaki Reading with History Frame WW2 Word search and Crossword

54 Warm up: Question: How did using the atomic bombs on Japan change people’s views about nuclear war?

55 Answer: Collectively the world became very fearful of nuclear weapons. We were much more nervous about using the…especially since the impact lasts so much longer than the war itself.

56 The Tragedy of War (During WW2)

57 Japanese Cruelties during WW2
Japan expanded its territory and treated its new conquests with an imperialistic hand. The Japanese set up governments in Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The natives were used (as slaves) for the military’s needs. 120,000 Japanese Americans were held in internment camps in the U.S. during the war.

58 The Holocaust In 1942, a large percentage of Europe was either annexed or occupied by the Nazis. Through German resettlement plans the SS were ordered to remove Slavic people and replace them with Germans. Slavic=Czech, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, and Ukrainian German citizens moved into these areas and began to create an Aryan race/perfect society. Those who were uprooted became slaves or were sent to concentration camps. From millions of uprooted citizens were sent to Germany to help restart the work force/serve as slave labor. Racial struggle was a key element of Hitler’s plan. His main ideas were the following: Aryans were the creators of cultural development. The Jews were parasites and they were trying to destroy the Aryans. Thus, the Final Solution was created. This was the genocide of the Jewish people.

59 The Final Solution Reinhard Heydrich, was in charge of the Final Solution. He created special strike forces (the Einsatzgruppen) that helped carry out the Nazis’ plan. They rounded up Jews and put them into ghettos, they held mass killings/burials (many times the Jews were forced to dig their own graves.)

60 The Final Solution The Nazis decided that these procedures were taking too long so they began to build special death camps.

61 Carrying out the Final Solution
Beginning in 1942 Jews in all occupied German countries or sympathizing countries were packed onto freight trains and shipped to the camps. The largest was the Polish camp, Auschwitz. Once there, about 30% were put to work, the rest were either sent to the gas chambers or used for medical experiments. Throughout the remainder of the war Jews were shipped from all parts of Europe to the death camps. Camp Badges Yellow: Jews -- two overlaid to form a Star of David, with the word "Jude" (Jew) inscribed Red: political dissidents, including communists Green: common criminals Purple: Jehovah's Witnesses Blue: immigrants Brown: Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) Black: Lesbians and "anti-socials" Pink: Gay men

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64 Largest Camps Camp Func Location Est. Prisoners Liberated Murdered Auschwitz Ex and Labor Poland 5/26/1940 400,000 January 1945 (USSR) 4,000,000 Belzec Ex 3/17/1942 June 1943 600,000 Chelmno EX 12/7/1941 January 1945 320,000 Majdanek July 1941 July 22, 1944 (USSR) 360,000 Sobibor 3/1942 Summer 1944 (USSR) 250,000 Mauthausen Labor Camp Austria 8/8/1938 May 5, 1945 (USA) 120,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A It is hard to tell exactly how many camps existed, but some estimates range as high as 15,000 camps. In total, an estimated 7,991,460 people lost their lives in the camps.

65 The Journey Many died in route…
Prisoners faced harsh conditions during the journey to the camps. Most arrived in crowded train cars. The picture below is often referred to as “Hells Gate.” It was the entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau.

66 Belzec Witness SS Lt. Kurt Gerstein, who worked in the SS medical service, was ordered to deliver a shipment of Zyklon B to Bełżec. He was so shocked by what he saw that he immediately buried the canisters of poison gas, and confessed his experiences to the Swedish diplomat Göran von Otter in a train from Warsaw to Berlin, where they met on August 20. He describes how he arrived at Bełżec on August 19 (another source gives the date as August 18[6] where he witnessed the unloading of 45 train cars stuffed with 6,700 Jews, many of whom were already dead, but the rest were marched naked to the gas chambers, where: Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. Captain Wirth comes up. I can see he is afraid because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping, "like in the synagogue," says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes—the stopwatch recorded it all—the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead...Dentists hammered out gold teeth, bridges and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See for yourself the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself! "

67 Sights of the Camps

68 Men’s Barracks 6-8 people per Roost Buckets for toilets
Little or no heat

69 One item-multiple uses: Dish, bowl, water basin, pillow, toilet
Toilets

70 Shoes Wooden One day’s collection Ill Fitting Prior to gassing
Blisters/Sores Infections One day’s collection Prior to gassing 25,000 pair

71 Hair Hair was collected because it was used to make blankets…they were considered very high quality.

72 Gas Chambers Block 11 at Auschwitz I, 600 Soviet POWs & 250 Poles
9/1941 Gas Dachau

73 Prisoners showed the Allies the ovens after liberation.
Cremation Ovens Prisoners showed the Allies the ovens after liberation.

74 Krematorium IV at Birkenau
Krematorium III (largest, destroyed by the Nazis to hide crimes)

75 Mass Graves Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
Nordhausen concentration camp

76 Cremation Pit 1944 Crematoriums Bodies burned in pits
Could not keep pace Bodies burned in pits 20,000 per day, according to the Nazis this was faster and more effective

77 Sights of the Camps Experiments on Prisoners Most Alive
Twins (Dr. Mengle) Guard Tower: Surrounded the barracks and fields Electric fence Warning Sign

78 Little Woods Place of waiting, Immediate Killing
Shortly after picture, these people were killed SS Photographer

79 Sights of the Camps

80 Allied soldiers enter the camps
Liberation Allied soldiers enter the camps

81 Survivors

82 Final Figures of the Holocaust
Figures: Between 5 and 6 millions Jews were killed, around 90% of Jews in Germany, the Baltic countries, and Poland were killed, and nearly 2 out of every 3 European Jews were killed. The Nazis also killed another 9-10 million non-Jewish, including 40% of Europe’s gypsy population. In addition, a great majority of the Slavic elite were sent to death, another 4 million Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians, and 4 million Soviet prisoners killed. Women and children were among the first to be killed because they could not work. However, many countries did their best to get them (mostly children) to safety before the Nazis could find them. (1945: about 13 million orphans)

83 Memorials

84 Question: What was the purpose/goal of the Holocaust?
Warm up: Question: What was the purpose/goal of the Holocaust?

85 Answer: To eliminate all races, ethnicities, and religions that didn’t fit into Hitler’s plan for the Third Reich and the creation of the Aryan race.

86 The Cold War ( ) With the end of World War II a “Cold War” developed between the United States and the Soviet Union. Started in Sept These two nations divided up Europe and tried to influence their newly forming/rebuilding governments. The U.S. encouraged a democratic system based on capitalism. The Soviet Union encouraged a socialist system based on communism. For nearly 50 years tension between the two Nuclear Superpowers terrified the world.

87 The Cold War The tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR was described as the Cold War. There was never a real war between the two sides between 1945 and 1991, but they were often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides got involved in other conflicts around the world to either stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).

88 Nuclear Tensions The USA had shown its atomic power when it exploded the A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War 2. The USSR was also developing atomic weapons/bombs. The USA and the USSR were in competition with each other to have the best, most powerful weapons in the world – this was called the Arms Race.

89 After World War 2… Many countries became communist after World War 2 including: Czechoslovakia (1948) Poland (1947) Hungary (1947) China (1949) Cuba (1959) North Korea (1945)

90 Germany - Divided Germany, which had been ruled by the Hitler and the Nazis until their defeat in 1945 was split in two. The western side became West Germany and the eastern side became East Germany. East Germany became another communist country. West Germany was democratic.

91 The Domino Effect The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the new communist countries (especially those in Europe). The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful. The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)

92 The Cold War Key Events… The Space Race Nuclear anxiety
Cuban Missile Crisis Fear of Communism Iron Curtain Korean war Vietnam

93 The Korean War

94 The Berlin Wall 1961

95 The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

96 The Vietnam War

97 We Didn’t Start the Fire
Pop Culture became impacted by the Cold War Winds of Change, Scorpions Russians by Sting Leningrad by Billy Joel Polaris by Megadeth The Cold War Museum

98 Question: Why was the Cold War called the Cold War?
Warm up Question: Why was the Cold War called the Cold War?

99 Answer It was called a Cold War because no actual fighting took place. It was just a collection of threats (using nuclear weapons) against one another (the U.S. and the USSR.)

100 The Korean War

101 Where is Korea (N & S)?

102 Korea was occupied by Japan until the end of WWII

103 After WWII Korea was divided into two separate political spheres
Communist North – Soviet Union & China (now a communist country) Democratic South – USA & free world

104 How it started… June 25, 1950 Communist troops invaded South Korea across the 38th Parallel

105 American Military down from WWII strength 5.7 million to 500 thousand
South Korean troops were driven back to Pusan and General MacArthur (in Japan) sent in American troops American Military down from WWII strength 5.7 million to 500 thousand

106 MacArthur devised a brilliant plan to cut off and surround North Korean forces but at a great risk.

107 MacArthur was later fired by President Truman for insubordination
United States and Coalition forces pushed North Korean troops back to the Yalu River but at a great cost. In the first 12 weeks of war over 20,000 U.S. deaths. 38th Parallel MacArthur was later fired by President Truman for insubordination

108 In early December 1950, Chinese troops with Soviet backing joined the war and Coalition forces were once again pushed back across 38th parallel 38th Parallel

109 Only with great effort and many lives were Communist forces pushed back across the 38th parallel where they remain today. North-South Korean border is the most heavily defended in the world (38th Parallel)

110 Mr. Wells’ parents. One week he was at Purdue University and the next week he was on his way to Korea

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112 Dwight D. Eisenhower, another WWII hero was elected President.
A truce was signed in July 1953 to end the Korean War. Summary: 3 million South Korean homeless 600,000 homes destroyed 95,000 Coalition forces killed 36,686 U.S. Killed 103,284 U.S. Wounded Estimated 1.5 Million Korean/Chinese killed

113 Korean War Accomplishments:
1st jet air-to-air combat 1st use of helicopter to evacuate wounded MASH units created to treat battle field wounds Integrated military units 1st United Nations fighting force 22 Country Coalition

114 Complete the following worksheets related to the Korean War
The Korean War (Activities A & B) “You’re Fired” Play

115 Question: Why did the U.S. get involved in the Korean War?
Warm up Question: Why did the U.S. get involved in the Korean War?

116 Answer The U.S. wanted to stop the spread of communism in the world (domino theory.) So they came to the aid of Democratic South Korea.

117 The Vietnam War

118 Where is Vietnam?

119 How it started… The conflict in Southeast Asia was fought over the reunification of Communist North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam. The two countries had been set up in 1954. Prior to that, all of Vietnam was part of the French colony of Indochina. In 1946, the Vietnamese fought the French for independence. The U.S. gave the French financial support but they were ultimately defeated in Once France had withdrawn its troops a meeting was held in Geneva to decide what to do with Vietnam. The country was divided along the 17th parallel into two partitions; this was not supposed to be permanent. Ho Chi Minh took power in the north while Emperor Bao Dai, for a while, ruled the south. Ho Chi Minh Emperor Bao Dai

120 Reasons for U.S. Involvement
Originally, President Harry S. Truman had supplied aid to the French in order to help them reclaim Vietnam. Truman feared that if one country fell to communism, soon the other countries neighboring would fall also in a domino theory. His successors, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, all felt the same way and continued applying support. All of this took place during the Cold War…as part of the U.S. goal to stop communism. (Containment Policy)

121 How it started… (cont’d)
The Communist government in the north opposed the non-Communist government of South Vietnam and believed the country should still be united. The North Vietnamese started to support anti-government groups in the south. The Communist-trained South Vietnamese were known as the Vietcong. By the mid 1960’s, North Vietnam initiated a large scale infiltration into South Vietnam and the fighting became a full fledged war. This map gives an idea of the extent of the tunnel system at Cu Chi--the orange lines represent major tunnels. Supply lines for the Vietcong.

122 How it started… (cont’d)
The North Vietnamese were backed by the Soviets and China who supplied military aid but not manpower. The U.S. backed the South Vietnamese by inserting a half a million troops and aid that would last for essentially the next 6 years. American troops pulled out in 1973 after both sides agreed to a cease-fire, but fighting soon broke out and South Vietnam surrendered in 1975 which unified the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Communist). The Vietnamese felt a victory over a long-time extended war against foreign powers. (France and the U.S.).

123 A Nation Divided The Draft! (During the war) Back in the states, the U.S. was experiencing a new anti-war movement. Increased U.S. involvement created more debt and proposed new taxes. The public did not view Vietnam as a threat to the security of America and questioned our involvement. Not only was the U.S. criticized for the number of troops lost in Vietnam, it was also accused of supporting a corrupt and undemocratic South Vietnamese government. Even the citizens who supported the Vietnam conflict grew impatient and disturbed about the U.S. inability to successfully resolve a victory. Under increasing public pressure, the United States finished pulling troops out of Vietnam in 1973 except for the soldiers missing in action and prisoners of war who were left behind.

124 The Aftermath of the War
About 58,200 Americans were killed during the war and roughly 304,000 were wounded out of the 2.59 million who served the war. The average age of the wounded and dead was years. After the war, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and The Philippines stayed free of communism. During the war, the national debt was increased by $146 billion. Nearly two-thirds of the men serving the war were volunteers. 90% of the Vietnam War veterans say they are glad they served in the war. 74% say they would serve again. 11,465 were less than the age of 20.

125 Kent State Protest shooting, May 4, 1970
Complete the following activities and worksheet related to the Vietnam War Vietnam Video Forrest Gump in Vietnam Personal stories from Vietnam; complete related worksheets Kent State Protest shooting, May 4, 1970

126 Warm up Question: Should the U.S. have been involved with the conflict in Vietnam, why or why not?

127 Answer Opinion! Yes-to stop the spread of communism and protect a population that couldn’t protect themselves. No-it wasn’t our place to be the police of the world. Did South Vietnam ask for our help? Ngo Dinh Diem after being shot and killed in the 1963 coup. He was the first president of S. Vietnam.

128 Conflicts in the Middle East
1990-Present

129 The Gulf War

130 The Gulf War How it started… Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein invaded the country of Kuwait and took control of the small Middle Eastern country. The United Nations decided they needed to act quickly to defend neighboring countries and stop this invasion so troops were sent.

131 Map of the Middle East

132 The Gulf War U.S., Britain, France, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Italy went to war against Iraq on January 16, 1991, in response to Iraq's August 1, 1990, invasion and annexation of Kuwait. President Bush sent 430,000 troops to Saudi Arabia to lead the U.N.-sponsored coalition and protect that country from an attack by Iraq. Iraq withdrew from Kuwait on February 28, 1991—though not before setting fire to more than 500 Kuwaiti oil wells.

133 The Aftermath of the War…
Total United States casualties for the Persian Gulf War were 148 killed in action and 458 wounded. Estimates of Iraqi casualties range from 30,000 to 100,000 killed, and from 100,000 to 300,000 wounded. The United Nations put strict sanctions on Iraq that they would eventually break leading to an another U.S. led attack on Iraq in We are still fighting this war today!

134 War in Afghanistan 2001-Present

135 War in Afghanistan 2001-Present
How it started… The War in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001, as the U.S., England, and the Afghan government launched an attack in response to the September 11 attacks with the stated goal of dismantling Al-Qaeda (or Al-Qaida) and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base for terrorist operations.

136 War in Afghanistan 2001-Present
Why Afghanistan? The attack on the US during September 2001 was led by a terrorist group called Al-Qaeda. This group, which is led by Osama bin Laden, was training in Afghanistan under the protection of the government(the Taliban).

137 War in Afghanistan 2001-Present
The initial plan was for the CIA and Special Forces to direct the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance in overthrowing the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. The goal was to capture Osama Bin Laden and other high-ranking Al-Qaeda members, destroy Al-Qaeda, and then remove and replace the Taliban with a friendly government.

138 Map of Afghanistan

139 War in Afghanistan 2001-Present
Our military has continued to fight this battle against the Taliban supporters even though they are no longer in control of the country. Many of the problems that we face are the mountains that the Taliban have trenched themselves in. Interesting fact is that in the 1970’s and 80’s we supplied Afghanistan with weapons to take on the Soviet Union (Cold War), now these same weapons are being used against us!

140 Results… Almost 3,000 coalition forces have been killed
Over 16,000 wounded Over 40,000 Taliban killed or captured Osama bin Laden’s whereabouts were unknown for the last 2 years. Until he was killed by the U.S. in May 2011. Inside the G.B.

141 Osama Bin Laden Osama bin Laden was born in Riyhad, Saudi Arabia.
Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton. The U.S. wanted him because he was the $$$ and charm behind the Taliban. Shortly after the September 11th attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized. Kent_Cramer, Masters1

142 Iraq War 2003-Present

143 Iraq War 2003-Present The Iraq War was military campaign that began on March 20, 2003,with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational forces led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom.

144 Prior to the invasion, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that the possibility of Iraq employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threatened their security and that of their allies. In 2002, the United Nations Security Counsel called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors.

145 Declaring WAR!!! Again Saddam refused to let in the investigators and the U.S. and Britain forces began the second invasion of Iraq.

146 Shock and Awe This was the initial military strategy used by the U.S. on Iraq. The goal was to devastated their military and allow their people to be freed.

147 Results of the War Saddam Hussein was captured and put to death on December 30th 2006. Spent & Approved War-Spending- About $900 billion of US taxpayers' funds spent or approved for spending through November 2010. U.S. Spending per second - $5,000 4,500 American deaths with 33,000 casualties

148 Complete the following tasks related to the conflicts in the Middle East
Student Readings and questions


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