1. How confident are we that our sample means make sense? Confidence intervals

2. Maybe not

3. Confidence intervals 1.Find a confidence interval for the population mean using a sample from a normal distribution with known variance. 2.Find a confidence interval for the population mean using a sample from any distribution with known or unknown variance 3.Make inference from confidence intervals.

4. Point estimate A single number that estimates a population parameter is called a point estimate

5. How confident we are about an estimate depends on two factors: The size of the sample – the larger the size of the sample, the closer the estimate is likely to be to the true population mean The variance of the population – if readings are generally more varied the estimate will be less reliable From previous lesson :

6. When comparing two estimates of the same or a similar parameters. Point estimate Given two samples: 1.Get each of their unbiased estimator of mean (point estimate) 2.Calculate their standard errors 3.Rule of thumb the one with the smallest standard error, is more likely to have an estimated mean nearer to the population true mean.

7. Task Exercise A (page 111)

8. Difficulty using point estimate In complex situations the choice of an estimate of a population parameter is not always clear. Statisticians may find that they have no idea how to use the sample data to estimate the population parameter of interest, or they may in fact have several equally plausible competing estimates to select from. Point estimates do not inform us about how much the estimate is likely to be in error.

9. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION SAMPLE MEANS Confidence Interval

10. Confidence Intervals A point estimate is the middle point of the interval and the endpoints of the interval communicate the size of the error associated with the estimate and how ‘confident’ we are that the population parameter is in the interval

11. Confidence Interval Calculation Typical confidence levels used in practice for confidence intervals are 90%, 95% or 99% with 95% occurring most frequently Find 90% from the percentage points table p=0.95 and the value z=1.6449 ≈ 1.645

12. Confidence Interval The higher the level of confidence, the wider the confidence interval needs to be. 90% and 95% confidence intervals are given by:

13. Task Exercise B Page 116

14. All the questions that you have done so far have been from populations that have been normally distributed. CLT states that if sample sizes are large enough then the mean of any distribution is approximately normally distributed with a standard error therefore, any random sample where n is big enough will have a 95% confidence interval given by:

15. Using an estimated variance When the σ² is not known but n ≥ 30 an unbiased estimate of the variance S 2 can be calculated using So when the variance or standard deviation are not known replace σ² with S 2 and σ with S

16. Task Read examples 4 & 5 Exercise D page 120

17. Key points A 95% confidence interval tells us that there is a probability of 0.95 that the interval contains the population μ If the sample is taken from a normal population then a 95% confidence interval is given by If the sample is taken from any distribution and n is large enough, then a 95% confidence interval is given by If the population is not know then replace σ² with S 2 and σ with S and 95% can by given by:

18. Task Mixed questions –page 122 Homework or now –Test yourself page 122

19. Confidence intervals 1.Find a confidence interval for the population mean using a sample from a normal distribution with known variance. 2.Find a confidence interval for the population mean using a sample from any distribution with known or unknown variance 3.Make inference from confidence intervals.