1. Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties
Unit 15
Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties

2. Ophthalmology ophthalm/o = combining form for eye Examples:
ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye
ocular = pertaining to eye
ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery
ophthalm/o/logist = physician who practices this specialty

3. Ophthalmology Examples: ophthalm/o/pathy = any eye disease
ophthalm/itis = inflammation of eye
ophthalm/algia and ophthalm/o/dynia = pain in eye
ophthalm/o/ptosis and ophthalm/o/cele = herniation of eye
ex/ophthalm/os = protrusion of eyeball
ophthalm/o/plegia = paralysis of eye muscles

4. Ophthalmology Examples:
ophthalm/o/meter = instrument for measuring eyeball
ophthalm/o/scope = instrument used for examination of interior of eye
ophthalm/o/scopy = process of examining eye with scope
ophthalm/o/plasty = plastic surgery of eye

5. Ophthalmology opt/o = combining form for vision Examples:
opt/o/metry = measurement of vision
opt/o/metrist = one who measures visual acuity
opt/ic nerve = cranial nerve for vision

6. Eye Specialists Ophthalmologist Ophthalmic technician
Medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.)
Physician specialist who treats eye diseases and performs surgery
Ophthalmic technician
Special technician trained to assist ophthalmologists

7. Eye Specialists Optometrist Doctor of optometry (O.D.)
Licensed practitioner limited to eye examinations and prescribing corrective lenses

8. Vision Conditions How vision works:
Light enters lens of eye, is refracted, and image is focused on retina
-opia = suffix meaning vision condition

9. Vision Conditions my/opia = nearsightedness
See close objects, but not distant ones
hyper/opia = farsightedness
See distant objects, but not close ones
presby/opia = loss of accommodation
Lens fails to adjust
Especially for seeing close objects

10. Myopia and Hyperopia

11. Vision Conditions dipl/opia = double vision
Crossed eyes
Both eyes fail to record same image on brain
di/opt/er = unit of measurement of refraction in eye
Used to prescribe corrective lenses

12. Vision Conditions
phor/opt/er = instrument to determine prescription strength needed for corrective lenses

13. Vision Conditions
Defects that cause objects to appear different colors:
cyan/opsia = blue vision
xanth/opsia = yellow vision
chlor/opsia = green vision
erythr/opsia = red vision

14. Directional Terms in Ophthalmology
Strabismus or squint
When eyes appear to be turned in abnormal position
tropia = turning
exo/tropia = eyes pointing outward
eso/tropia = eyes pointing inward
hyper/tropia = eyes pointing upward
hypo/tropia = eyes pointing downward

15. Esotropia and Exotropia

16. Structures of the Eye

17. Eyeball

18. Eyelid blephar/o = combining term Examples:
blephar/o/ptosis = prolapse of eyelid
blephar/edema = swelling of eyelid
edema = swelling due to fluid retention
blephar/itis = inflammation of eyelid
blephar/o/spasm = twitching of eyelid

19. Eyelid Procedures blephar/o/tomy = incision of eyelid
blephar/ectomy = excision of lesions on eyelid
blephar/o/plasty = surgical repair of eyelid
blephar/o/rrhaphy = suture of eyelid

20. Eyelid Conjunctiva conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva
Membrane that lines eyelids and sclera
conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva
More than 30 types of inflammation

21. Cornea corne and kerat = word roots
corne/o and kerat/o = combining forms
Examples:
corne/al = pertaining to cornea
corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris
corne/o/scler/al = pertaining to cornea and sclera

22. Cornea Examples: kerat/o/rrhexis = corneal rupture
kerat/o/scler/itis = inflammation of cornea and sclera
kerat/o/tomy = incision of cornea
kerat/ectasia = forward bulging of cornea
kerat/o/cele = herniation or protrusion of cornea
kerat/o/plasty = corneal transplant

23. Lens phac/o = combining form for crystalline lens of eye Origin Greek
phacos = lentil
Shape of eye lens

24. Lens Examples: phac/o/cele = protrusion of lens
phac/o/emulsion = removal of cataracts using ultrasonic device to emulsify eye lens for removal

25. Sclera
White, hard outer coat of eye
Origin
Greek
scleras = hard

26. Sclera Examples: scler/al = pertaining to sclera
scler/itis = inflammation of sclera
scler/ectomy = excision of all or part of sclera
scler/o/stomy = formation of opening into sclera

27. Iris
Colored part of eye that helps regulate amount of light that enters
ir/ides = plural form
irid/o = combining form
Examples:
irid/o/cele = protrusion or dislocation of iris
irid/algia = pain in iris

28. Iris Examples: irid/o/malacia = softening of iris
irid/o/rrhexis = rupture of iris
irid/o/plegia and irid/o/paralysis = paralysis of iris
irid/ectomy = excision of part or all of iris

29. Iris Conditions ir/itis = inflammation of iris
corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris
scler/o/ir/itis = inflammation of sclera and iris
irid/o/ptosis = prolapse of iris

30. Retina Layer at back of eyeball where images formed and sent to brain
retin/o = combining form
Examples:
retin/al = pertaining to retina
retin/itis = inflammation of retina

31. Retina
Examples:
retin/o/scope = instrument used to measure refractive error of retina
retin/o/scopy = process of using retinoscope
Skiascopy
Proper term for retinoscopy
retin/o/pexy and retin/o/plasty = fixation or repair of detached retina

32. Retina Macular degeneration Deterioration of macula
Area on retina near optic nerve
Common cause of blindness in elderly
Treatment for some types:
Intraocular injection of medication to slow progression

33. Glaucoma Eye disease with increased intraocular pressure
Can result in blindness if not treated
Three basic types:
Open angle
Angle closure
Congenital

34. Pupil Opening in iris through which light passes cor = word root
cor/e, core/o, and pupill/o = combining forms
Examples:
cor/ect/opia = pupil out of place
cor/e/lysis = destruction of pupil
cor/ectasia = dilation or stretching of pupil

35. Pupil Examples: anis/o/cor/ia = unequal pupil size
core/o/plasty = plastic surgery of pupil
core/o/meter and pupill/o/meter = instrument for measuring pupil
core/o/metry and pupill/o/metry = process of measuring pupil

36. Ciliary Body Thin vascular layer that encircles inside of iris
cycl/o = combining form
Origin
Greek
cyclos = circle

37. Ciliary Body Examples: cycl/o/plegia = paralysis of ciliary body
cycl/o/keratitis = inflammation of ciliary body and cornea

38. Animation
Click Here to Play Vision Animation

39. Tears lacrim/ation = tearing lacrim/o = combining form Examples:
lacrim/al = pertaining to tears
lacrim/al gland = gland that secretes tears
lacrim/al sac = sac that collects lacrimal fluid
nas/o/lacrim/al duct = means by which lacrimal fluid drained away

40. Tears dacry = word root for tears Examples:
dacry/o/rrhea = excessive lacrimation
dacry/o/cyst/itis = tear sac inflammation
dacry/o/aden/algia = pain in tear gland
dacry/o/cyst/o/ptosis = prolapse of tear sac
dacry/oma = tumor of tear duct or gland

41. Tears Examples: dacry/o/py/o/rrhea = discharge of pus from tear gland
dacry/o/cyst/o/cele = hernia of tear sac
dacry/o/lith = stone in tear sac
dacry/o/cyst/o/tome = instrument for incising tear sac

42. Nails onych/o = combining form Examples:
onych/osis = any nail condition
onych/oid = resembling fingernail
onych/o/malac/ia = softening of nails
onych/o/phagia = nail biting

43. Nail Conditions onych/oma = tumor of nail or nail bed
onych/o/myc/osis = fungus infection of nails
onych/o/crypt/osis = ingrown nail

44. Hair trich/o = combining form Examples: trich/oid = resembling hair
trich/o/pathy = any hair disease
trich/o/glossia = hairy tongue
trich/iasis = formation of hair
trich/o/genous = promotes growth of hair

45. Hair Examples: alopec/ia = condition of baldness
trich/o/phobia = abnormal fear of hair
trich/o/phagia = swallowing hair
alopec/ia = condition of baldness
Types:
Alopecia areata
Alopecia congenitalis
Alopecia medicamentosa

46. Endocrinology endo/crine = secrete inside
Refers to glands that secrete hormones
endo/crin/o/logy = medical specialty studying endocrine system
endo/crin/o/logist = physician who specializes in study of endocrine system

47. Endocrinology Combining Forms
Meaning
thyroid/o or thyr/o
thyroid gland
thym/o
thymus gland
adren/o
adrenal gland
pancreat/o
pancreas
oophor/o
ovary
testic, orchid/o, or orchi/o
testis

48. Animation
Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation

49. Adrenal Glands supra/renal glands = alternate name
Due to location above kidneys
Stimulate autonomic nervous system
adren/erg/ic receptors = activated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenergic drugs
adrenergic = pertaining to adrenal work
Epinephrine dilates bronchi
Used to treat asthma

50. Adrenal Glands adren/o/corticoid = hormone produced by adrenal glands
Cortisone
adren/o/pathy = any adrenal gland disease
adren/o/megaly = enlargement of adrenal glands
adren/o/lysis = destruction of adrenal tissue

51. Thyroid Gland thyr/o/xine or thyr/o/xin = hormone produced by thyroid
thyr/oid/ectomy = excision of thyroid gland
hyper/thyroid/ism = overactive thyroid
hypo/thyroid/ism = underactive thyroid

52. Other Endocrine Terms test/o/sterone = hormone produced by testes
thym/osin = hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates development of T-cells
pancreat/itis = inflammation of pancreas
oophor/oma = tumor in ovary
testic/ular = pertaining to testes

53. Steroidal Hormones Steroids Lipid hormones
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Testosterone affects male libido
Estrogen affects female fertility
Synthesized from cholesterol in ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands
Enter cell nuclei to affect cell function
Code ribonucleic acid (RNA) to produce proteins

54. Non-Steroidal Hormones
Protein-based hormones
Link to receptors on cell membrane
E.g., insulin produced by pancreas
Insulin allows glucose to enter cells
Lack of insulin can result in hyper/glyc/emia and dia/betes

55. Blood Conditions -emia = condition of or in blood Examples:
isch/emia = blood flow interrupted
transient isch/emic attack = temporary interruption of blood flow
Usually in brain

56. Blood Conditions Examples: leuk/emia = blood cancer
an/emia = reduction in RBCs
hyper/emia = too much blood (in one part)
ur/emia = urine constituents in blood
hemat/ur/ia = blood in urine

57. Trauma Wound or injury traumat/o = combining form Examples:
traumat/o/logy = study of wound care
traumat/ic = pertaining to wounds or being wounded

58. Trauma Type of Wound Description abrasion scraped skin contusion
bruise
avulsion
accidental, forceful pulling out
fracture
break or crack of bone
laceration
cut or jagged wound
puncture
penetration of pointed object

59. Medical Specialties Specialty Specialist Limits of Field pathology
pathologist
causes and nature of diseases
dermatology
dermatologist
skin
neurology
neurologist
nervous system
gynecology
gynecologist
female conditions
urology
urologist
male conditions and all urinary diseases
endocrinology
endocrinologist
glands of internal secretion

60. Medical Specialties Specialty Specialist Limits of Field oncology
oncologist
neoplasms (cancer)
cardiology
cardiologist
heart
ophthalmology
ophthalmologist
eye
otorhinolaryng-ology
otorhinolaryng-ologist
ear, nose, and throat
obstetrics
obstetrician
pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
geriatrics
geriatrician
elderly

61. Medical Specialties Specialty Specialist Limits of Field pediatrics
pediatrician
children
orthopedics
orthopedist
bones and muscles
psychiatry
psychiatrist
mental disorders
audiology
audiologist
hearing function
radiology
radiologist
diagnostic imaging and therapeutic x-ray
chiropractic
chiropractor
manipulation therapy
podiatry
podiatrist
foot conditions

62. Cells phag/o/cyte = cell that eats microorganisms
phag/o/cyt/osis = process of cell eating microorganisms
phag/o = to eat or swallow
cyt/o/phagy = ingestion of cells by phagocytes
macr/o/phage = large phagocyte
micr/o/phage = small phagocyte

63. Cells cyt/o/meter = instrument for counting cells
cyt/o/metry = process of counting cells
cyt/o/scopy = examination of cells
cyt/o/stasis = stopping or controlling cells

64. Miscellaneous Terms
ambi/valence = having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas
diplo/bacillus = bacillus that occurs in pairs
diplo/coccus = coccus that grows in pairs
eu/phoria = feeling of well-being
dys/phoria = feeling of depression