1. Plants, Herbivores, and Parasitoids A Model System for the study of Tri-Trophic Associations Katja Seltmann, NSF ADBC Digitization TCN, iDigBio Paleocollections Workshop, April 2012. (tcn.amnh.org)

2. TCN Partners tcn.amnh.org ENTOMOLOGY ▫ Randall Schuh, American Museum of Natural History ▫ Christine Johnson, American Museum of Natural History ▫ Christiane Weirauch, University of California, Riverside ▫ John Heraty, University of California, Riverside ▫ Charles Bartlett, University of Delaware ▫ Benjamin Normark, University of Massachusetts, Amherst ▫ Katja Seltmann, American Museum of Natural History ▫ Neal Evenhuis, BP Bishop Museum, Honolulu ▫ David Kavanaugh,California Academy of Sciences ▫ Stephen D. Gaimari,California Dept. Food and Agriculture ▫ Chen Young, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg ▫ Boris C. Kondratieff, Colorado State University ▫ James K. Liebherr, Cornell University ▫ Dmitry Dmitriev, Illinois Natural History Survey ▫ Richard Brown, Mississippi State University ▫ Andy Deans, North Carolina State University ▫ David Maddison, Oregon State University ▫ Christopher Marshall, Oregon State University ▫ John Oswald, Texas A&M University ▫ Kipling Will, University of California, Berkeley ▫ Caroline Chaboo, University of Kansas ▫ Michael Sharkey, University of Kentucky ▫ John Pickering, University of Georgia Data Contributors ▫ Canadian National Collection, Ottawa ▫ University of California, Davis ▫ Kansas State University BOTANY ▫ Robert Naczi, New York Botanical Garden ▫ Robert Magill, Missouri Botanical Garden ▫ Richard Rabeler, University of Michigan ▫ Melissa Tulig, New York Botanical Garden ▫ Barbara Thiers, New York Botanical Garden ▫ Kim Watson, New York Botanical Garden ▫ Margaret Koopman, Eastern Michigan University ▫ Loy Phillippe, Illinois Natural History Survey ▫ Deborah Lewis, Iowa State University ▫ Michael Vincent, Miami University ▫ Timothy Hogan, University of Colorado ▫ Mary Ann Feist, University of Illinois ▫ Craig Freeman, University of Kansas ▫ Christopher Cambell, University of Maine ▫ Anita Cholewa, University of Minnesota ▫ Beryl Simpson, University of Texas ▫ Kenneth Cameron, University of Wisconsin Data Contributors ▫ Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria ▫ Consortium of California Herbaria ▫ Southwest Biodiversity Consortium

3. A Tri-Trophic Approach About 85% of Hemiptera are herbivorous with high host specificity for many plant families (e.g., Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, and Poaceae) Hempitera are serious agricultural pests (armored scales, mealy bugs, potato leafhoppers, Lygus bugs) Vectors of viral and bacterial diseases (Green peach aphid is a vector of over 100 plant viruses) Parasitic Hymenoptera are very beneficial as biological control agents The relationship among these groups is of significant ecological and economic importance

4. A Tri-Trophic Example Crop Plants (Solanaceae) Aphids (Hemiptera) ParasitoidsPlantsInsect Herbivores Parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) Produce fruits and tubers a significant economic value. Pierce stems and leaves to feed on the plants – specialize on one species or numerous species, reduce plant vigor or transmit disease, cause reduction in yield or make fruits or tubers inedible. Lay eggs directly inside the aphids and consume them from the inside out. Is_parasitized_by feeds_on Is_fed_on_by parasitizes

5. Species Diversity in the North American Biota InsectsPlants Hemiptera Number of species Coccoidea (scale insects)986 Aphidoidea (plant lice)1,532 Psylloidea (jumping plant lice)176 Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, hoppers)4,629 Heteroptera3,827 Total Hemiptera11,150 Family Number of species Apiaceae250 Asteraceae2,400 Chenopodiaceae250 Cupressaceae30 Cyperaceae850 Fabaceae850 Fagaceae97 Grossulariaceae53 Juglandaceae17 Lamiaceae240 Oleaceae35 Pinaceae66 Poaceae1,400 Polygonaceae440 Rhamnaceae75 Rosaceae360 Salicaceae123 Scrophulariaceae430 Solanaceae85 Zygophyllaceae15 Total Plants8,066 Parasitoid Hymenoptera Number of species Aphelinidae212 Encyrtidae490 Mymaridae187 Signiphoridae19 Trichogrammatidae131 Total Parasitoids1,039

6. Insect Specimen Digitization Institutions (18) Specimens databased % geo- referenced Prior fundingSpecimens to be databased American Museum of Natural History 30,000 100NSF-PBI333,000 B. P. Bishop Museum 0 070,000 California Academy Sciences 4,000 100NSF-PBI40,000 California Dept. Food & Agriculture 1,000 100NSF-PBI75,000 Carnegie Museum 0 115,000 Colorado State University 0 115,000 Cornell University 0 130,000 Illinois Natural History Survey 36,000 100NSF-REVSYS73,000 Mississippi St. University 0 050,000 N. Carolina St. University 1,000 100NSF-BRC75,000 Oregon State University 1,000 10040,000 Texas A&M University 15,000 100NSF-PBI150,000 University of California, Berkeley, Essig Mus. 12,000 92NSF-PBI, NSF-BRC45,000 University of California, Riverside 14,000 100NSF-PBI, NSF-DBI75,000 University of Delaware 2,000 020,000 University of Kansas 0 050,000 University of Kentucky 0 035,000 University Massachussetts 10,000 015,000 Total126,0001,206,000 Grand Total1,332,000

7. Plant Specimen Digitization Institutions (14) Specimens databased % geo- reference d Prior fundingSpecimens to be databased University of Colorado 51,000 067,000 Eastern Michigan Univ.0010,000 University of Illinois0030,000 Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey308,0001794,000 Iowa State University46,0000102,000 University of Kansas129,0006597,000 University of Maine100,000034,000 University of Michigan26,0000115,000 University of Minnesota93,00010NSF- BRC70,000 Missouri Botanical Garden247,00025NSF-BRC101,000 Miami University14,000535,000 New York Bot. Garden102,00030NSF-BRC, NSF-PBI274,000 University of Texas105,00010105,000 University of Wisconsin120,0005090,000 Total 1,341,0001,224,000 GRAND TOTAL 2,565,000

8. 1,332,000 + 2,565,000 3,897,000 Data from us Data from others Data that fits Data that does not ---------- cool stuff is in the specifics

9. What can be done with these 4,000,000 combined data records? Systematics: assembly of specimen data Biogeography: large data pool for studies of endemism Ecology: host-herbivore-parasitoid relationships and origins Conservation biology: management decision making Agricultural sciences: invasive/pest species data and management, identifications at ports Climate change studies: ecological niche modeling; phenological changes; distributional changes workshop

10. TTD-TCN Critical Data Challenges

11. TTD-TCN Critical Challenges Differences in workflow depending on trophic level ▫ Adequately train personnel ▫ transform data ▫ streamline process Insure accuracy of specimen identifications Integrate data across databases ▫ host data ▫ standardization Implement authority files for all groups Long term sustainability

12. Train Personnel 30+ Institutions across the US

13. Botanical Collections Streamlined Workflow for Rapid Data Entry

14. Entomological Collections

15. Accuracy of Identifications Curation and collection staging Imaging

16. Fitness for Use

17. Data Merging and Exposure Exposed through many portals ▫ Discover Life ▫ GBIF ▫ iDigBio ▫ tcn.amnh.org (project website) Host Darwin Core extension Authority files working group

18. neo/paleo

19. Similarities (most things) Many, many specimens in a collection No room for barcodes on some objects Much database work already done Lot vs Specimen (many specimens on one object) Community concerns (long term sustainability and funding) Protected data

20. Slides Slide Collections

22. Differences Organization Types Time & locality

24. Thanks to: co-PIs and collaborators National Foundation grant ADBC#1115144 nationalgeographic.com