2. War on Poverty Movement By Maria Daniela Garcia—EDCI-690 Fall 2014

3. War on Poverty The Civil Rights Movement and investigative journalism combined in the early 1960s, inciting the nation to address the growing problem of poverty in America. A 1963 New York Times series on Appalachian poverty and Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962) inspired discontent young Americans as well as President John F. Kennedy to take action. In response, Kennedy initiated federal pilot programs to address job creation, skills training, and hunger. Kennedy’s successor, President Lyndon Johnson, would use these as the basis for his War on Poverty.

4. 1963 New York Times series on Appalachian poverty In 1963, Harry Caudill of Whitesburg published Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area, which shined a spotlight on the plundering of the mountains of Eastern Kentucky. The book forever changed Appalachia. Harry Caudill talked with Robert Kennedy when the then-senator from New York visited Eastern Kentucky in February 1968.

5. The Other America by Michael Harrington It was a short work with a simple thesis: poverty was both more extensive and more tenacious than most Americans assumed. An “invisible land” of the poor existed in rural isolation or in crowded slums where middle-class visitors seldom ventured. “That the poor are invisible is one of the most important things about them,” Harrington wrote. “They are not simply neglected and forgotten.... What is much worse, they are not seen.” Using the poverty-line benchmark of a $3,000 annual income for a family of four, Michael Harrington demonstrated that nearly a third of the population lived “below those standards which we have been taught to regard as the decent minimums for food, housing, clothing and health.”

7. War on Poverty In his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, in the midst of the civil rights movement, President Johnson informed the nation that he had declared “unconditional war on poverty in America.” NOTE: To change images on this slide, select a picture and delete it. Then click the Insert Picture icon in the placeholder to insert your own image.

8. Economic Opportunity Act On August 20, 1964, Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) and created the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), providing both the strategy and the ammunition to fight the War on Poverty.

9. Economic Opportunity Act One of the key provisions of the EOA was the creation of community action agencies that could apply for federal funds to support the development of service programs like Head Start, Legal Services, Job Corps, and VISTA (Volunteers in Service To America). These agencies were to include “maximum feasible participation of the poor.”

10. African-American and the War on Poverty For many African Americans, the War on Poverty in general offered economic opportunities. The community action programs, in particular, provided a framework to further pursue the democratic goals of the civil rights movement.

11. African-American and the War on Poverty Following the Watts Riots in August of 1965, many black community organizations saw the community action programs of the War on Poverty as a way to gain some economic, political, and cultural power within their own communities. These organizations often directly challenged entrenched political and economic power structures. As a result, community action programs became the most controversial aspect of the War on Poverty.

12. Office of Economic Opportunity Initially embraced by Congress and the American public, the OEO quickly came under constant scrutiny and criticism. President Johnson also was hesitant to expand the OEO budget at a time when he needed Congressional support for America’s increased involvement in Vietnam. As a result, the War on Poverty never received the funding necessary to effectively attack poverty.

13. Office of Economic Opportunity Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., expressed the sentiments of many civil rights and antipoverty activists when he argued that the War on Poverty was being “shot down on the battlefields of Vietnam.” The administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford further emasculated OEO, either transferring its programs to other federal agencies or completely eliminating them. By the late 1970s, the OEO itself was gone.

14. Remaining Programs from the War of Poverty The War on Poverty lived on through some of the programs like Head Start and Legal Services that were transferred to other federal departments and especially through community antipoverty organizations.

15. War on Poverty and Derived Organizations In urban areas like Los Angeles, Newark, Baltimore and New York, African Americans, inspired by the civil rights/black power movement and the participatory ideals of the War on Poverty, formed black-controlled community organizations in the 1960s and 1970s that provided jobs, job training, housing, credit unions, and cultural programs, many of which are still active today. The War on Poverty fell well short of its stated goal of eliminating poverty, but broadened efforts to democratize America and established community organizations that continue to battle poverty.

16. The origin of Head Start Shortly after President Lyndon B. Johnson declared The War on Poverty in his State of the Union speech, Sargent Shriver took the lead in assembling a panel of experts to develop a comprehensive child development program that would help communities meet the needs of disadvantaged preschool children. Among these experts were Dr. Robert Cooke, a pediatrician at John Hopkins University, and Dr. Edward Zigler, a professor of psychology and director of the Child Study Center at Yale University.

17. History of Head Start Part of the government’s thinking on poverty was influenced by new research on the effects of poverty, as well as on the impacts of education. This research indicated an obligation to help disadvantaged groups, compensating for inequality in social or economic conditions. Head Start was designed to help break the cycle of poverty, providing preschool children of low-income families with a comprehensive program to meet their emotional, social, health, nutritional and psychological needs. A key tenet of the program established that it be culturally responsive to the communities served, and that the communities have an investment in its success through the contribution of volunteer hours and other donations as nonfederal share.

18. History of Head Start In the summers of 1965 and 1966, the Office of Economic Opportunity launched an eight-week Project Head Start. In 1969, under the Nixon administration, Head Start was transferred from the OEO to the Office of Child Development in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dr. Edward Zigler, who had served on the planning committee to launch Project Head Start, was appointed Director of the Office of Child Development. In 1977, under the Carter administration, Head Start began bilingual and bicultural programs in about 21 states. In October 1984 under the Reagan administration, Head Start’s grant budget exceeded $1 billion. In September of 1995, under the Clinton administration, the first Early Head Start grants were given. In October of 1998, Head Start was reauthorized to expand to full- day and full-year services.

19. Head Start Today Head Start was most recently reauthorized again in 2007, under the George W. Bush administration, with several provisions to strengthen Head Start quality including: 1.Alignment of Head Start school readiness goals with state early learning standards. 2.Higher qualifications for the Head Start teaching workforce. 3.State Advisory Councils on Early Care and Education in every state. 4.Increased program monitoring, including a review of child outcomes and annual financial audits. The Head Start training and technical assistance system was redesigned to support programs through six National Centers and a state-based system to ensure success.

20. Head Start Today The reauthorization of 2007 also included a provision that regulations be promulgated to move programs from an indefinite project period to a five-year grant cycle. Programs would be required to demonstrate they are of high quality or a competitive grant opportunity would be made available within the community. In 2009, under the Obama administration, the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act added more than 64,000 slots for Early Head Start and Head Start programs.

21. Head Start Today Head Start has served over 30 million children since 1965, growing from an eight-week demonstration project to include full day/year services and many program options. Currently, Head Start is administered by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) in the Department of Health and Human Services. Head Start serves over a million children and their families each year in urban and rural areas in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories, including American Indian, Alaskan Native and Migrant/Seasonal communities.

22. Head Start Classroom Today

23. Playing in centers

24. Happy Birthday Head Start!!! Head Start will be celebrating its 50 th anniversary on 2015.

25. So… did we really overcome poverty?

26. References http://www.blackpast.org/aah/war-poverty http://www.kentucky.com/2012/12/19/2448366/the-nation-takes-notice-of- eastern.htmlhttp://www.kentucky.com/2012/12/19/2448366/the-nation-takes-notice-of- eastern.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/books/review/Isserman-t.html?_r=0 http://socialistworker.org/2011/10/25/black-power-era http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/american-social-policy-in-the-60s-and- 70s/http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/american-social-policy-in-the-60s-and- 70s/ http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohs/about/history-of-head-start