1. Biochemical tests and ‘marker chemicals’

2. Learning Outcomes
The health of mother and foetus can be monitored by biochemical tests that detect the normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Medical conditions can be detected by a range of marker chemicals that indicate a condition but need not necessarily be part of the condition.

3. Health monitoring
The detection of the marker Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) in the blood and urine is the basis of early pregnancy tests Health of mother and foetus is monitored by biochemical tests that detect normal physiological changes during pregnancy Routine tests are carried out to check altered liver, renal and thyroid functions

4. Pre-eclampsia
This is the most common cause of dangerous complications during pregnancy The sufferer displays some or all of the symptoms – High blood pressure Excess protein in the plasma Changes to blood biochemistry caused by altered liver and renal function

5. Problems . . .
For women with pre-eclampsia the concentration of urea in the plasma is significantly higher than normal The concentration of calcium in the urine is significantly lower These differences are thought to be due to a decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtrate rate As there is no cure, the baby may be induced early or delivered by Caesarean section

6. ‘Marker’, False Positives and False Negatives
At weeks the mother is offered a series of biochemical tests that check for ‘markers’ Example - HCG increases during weeks 6-10 then decreases to a steady low level It remains high if the foetus has Down’s syndrome Results at 10 weeks would be meaningless (could give a false positive) since normal pregnancy and a Down’s pregnancy would show elevated results at week 10

7. HCG levels increase (weeks 6-8) then decrease to a steady low level for the remainder of pregnancy

8. Synchronised
Times chosen for biomedical tests are synchronised with information from ultrasound scans to minimise the chance of obtaining false positive or false negative results

9. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) marker
AFP is produced by the foetus and the concentration in the mother’s blood increases The normal range of values during pregnancy is units AFP Levels lower than 0.4 units are found in Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) pregnancy and Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18) This test marker is part of a biochemical screening test – it does not mean that an abnormality has been diagnosed

10. Down’s syndrome
A Nuchal Translucency scan is a more accurate way to estimate the risk of Down’s syndrome
Again, this is not a diagnostic test
Risks associated with Down’s syndrome testing –
1. Age, older woman’s eggs are more prone to a type of mutation that leads to eggs being formed that have an extra copy of chromosome 21
2. woman are often advised to have invasive diagnostic tests, Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling – both carry a risk of miscarriage

11. ‘Screening’ V ‘Diagnostic’
Screening Test A screening test detects signs and symptoms associated with a disorder A degree of risk can be assessed Diagnostic test A diagnostic test is a definite test which establishes, without doubt, whether a person is suffering from a specific disorder

12. 1. What marker is detected in early pregnancy?
2. What are the symptoms of pre-eclampsia?
3. Name two invasive diagnostic tests that may be offered during pregnancy, if a problem is suspected, and state the risk they may carry
4. Describe the difference between a screening test and a diagnostic test

13. 1. What marker is detected in early pregnancy?
The detection of the marker Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) in the blood and urine is the basis of early pregnancy tests
2. What are the symptoms of pre-eclampsia?
High blood pressure
Excess protein in the plasma
Changes to blood biochemistry caused by altered liver and renal function
3. Name two invasive diagnostic tests that may be offered during pregnancy, if a problem is suspected, and state the risk they may carry
Woman are often advised to have invasive diagnostic tests, Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling – both carry a risk of miscarriage

14. 4. Describe the difference between a screening test and a diagnostic test
A screening test detects signs and symptoms associated with a disorder
A degree of risk can be assessed
A diagnostic test is a definite test which establishes, without doubt, whether a person is suffering from a specific disorder