1. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Chapter 4 Reviewing the Literature

2. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Key Concepts 4 Functions of Literature Reviews 4 Designing and Constructing a Literature Review

3. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Literature Review in a Quantitative Study 4 Documents the importance of the research problem at the beginning of the study 4 Supports the theory or explanation used in the study 4 Foreshadows the research questions 4 Provides an explanation for the results in other studies and in the theoretical prediction at the end of the study.

4. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Literature Review in a Qualitative Study 4 Documents the importance of the research problem at the beginning of the study 4 Does not foreshadow the research questions (which are broad in scope to encourage participants to provide their own views) 4 Is used to compare and contrast with other studies at the end of the study

5. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Designing and Conducting a literature review 4 Identify key terms 4 Locate literature 4 Read and evaluate the relevance of the literature to your topic 4 After selection, organize the literature into a coherent picture of studies and documents on your topic 4 Write a review by developing summaries of the literature

6. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Identifying key terms 4 Write a preliminary “working title” for the project and select two or three key words that capture the essence of the project 4 Pose a short general research question that you would like to answer in the study 4 Look in a thesaurus of terms to find words that match your topic 4 Scan the contents in your library stacks and the table of contents of educational journals

7. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Locate the Literature: Classification of Sources Early Stage Material Indexed Publications Journal Articles Books Low Standards to ensure quality Ideas Appear First High Standards to ensure quality Ideas appear 10+ years after initiation Summaries

8. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Locate the literature: Examples of Sources 4 Stacks in the Library 4 Data Bases (e.g. ERIC, First Search) 4 Encyclopedias 4 Summaries 4 Dictionaries and glossaries of terms 4 Handbooks 4 Statistical indexes 4 Reviews and Syntheses

9. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Evaluating the relevance of the literature: Questions to ask 4 Topic relevance: Is the literature on the same topic as your proposed study? 4 Individual and site relevance: Does the literature examine the same individuals and sites you want to study?

10. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Evaluating the relevance of the literature: Questions to ask 4 Problem relevance: Does the literature examine the same research problem as you propose in your study? 4 Accessibility relevance: Is the literature available in your library or can it be downloaded from a web site?

11. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Organizing the literature 4 Copy and file materials 4 Construct a Literature Map

12. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Procedure for constructing a Literature Map 4 Identify key terms for the topic and put them at the top of the map 4 Sort studies into topical areas or “families of studies.” 4 Provide a label for each box which will become a heading for the review 4 Develop the map on as many levels as possible

13. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Procedure for constructing a Literature Map 4 Draw a box toward the bottom of the figure that says “my proposed study” 4 Draw lines connecting the proposed study with other branches of the literature

14. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Literature Map The need for Teaching Programs to be Culturally Responsive Bennett, 1995; Eastman, Smith, 1991; Grant 1994; Noel,1995 Study Abroad Programs Attitude Toward Study Abroad King, Young,1994 Personal insights of Preservice Teachers Friesen, Kang McDongall, 1995; Mahan, Stachowski, 1991 Possible Improvements Martin, Rohrlich, 1991; Stachowski, 1991 Personal insights of Preservice Teachers Cockrell, Placier Cockrell, Middleton 1999, Goodwin, 1997 Kea, Bacon, 1999 Predominately English Speaking Countries Mahan, Stachowski, 1990; Quinn, Barr, McKay, Jarchow, Powell, 1995; Vall, Tennison, 1992 Need for further study: Non-English Speaking Cultures Question: Do short-term study abroad programs in non-English speaking cultures help create cultural responsiveness in preservice teachers? Conventional Programs Colville-Hall Macdonald, Smollen, 1995; Rodriguez, Sjostrom, 1995; Vavrus, 1994 Cross-Cultural Programs Cooper, Beare Thorman, 1990; Larke, Wiseman, Bradley, 1990 U.S. Programs

15. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Circular Literature Map Study Abroad Program U.S. Programs Attitudes Toward Study Abroad (King, Young 1994) Personal insights of Preservice Teachers (Friesen, Kang, McDougall, 1995) Predominately English Speaking Cultures (Maha, Stachowski, 1990) Cross-Cultural Program (Cooper, Beare, Thorman, 1990) Personal Insights of Teachers (Cockrell, Placer, Cockrell, Milleton, 1999 Conventional Programs Preservice Teachers (Friesen, Kang, McDougall, 1995) Need for Further Study Non-English Speaking Cultures Question: “Do short term study abroad programs in non-English speaking cultures help create cultural responsiveness in preservice teachers?

16. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Writing a review of the literature 4 Identify and summarize each study in an “abstract” that highlights important elements 4 Write out complete citations for the summaries with headings that use appropriate style manual formats 4 Write the review using writing strategies related to the type and extent of the review

17. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Quantitative and Qualitative Abstracts Quantitative 4 The research problem 4 The hypothesis or research questions 4 The data collection procedure 4 Results of the study Qualitative 4 The research problem 4 The central phenomenon 4 The data collection procedure 4 Findings