2. Hello! These are some members of my family, including Dr. John Glaspey, my husband. I am Dr. Katy Garmany. I’m an astronomer at Kitt Peak National Observatory.

3. A short history of telescopes …almost 400 years ago lenses were combined to make a telescope, and a telescope was pointed to the sky by the Italian scientist Galileo The vast nighttime sky, points of light, until…

4. With the first telescope, points of light in the sky took on shape Saturn Venus: phases like … Jupiter and its moons The Moon The stars in Orion’s sword

5. But lenses have problems in telescopes Images are surrounded by colored rings

6. Issac Newton: built a telescope from mirrors, not lenses This solved the problem of colored rings, and other problems as well

7. Telescopes: light buckets! The greater the diameter of the lens or mirror, the more light it collects - and the fainter the object we can see Stars seen with larger and larger telescopes

8. Recording what we see Photographic film: in 1850, the first permanent images recorded, but wet emulsions were very slow, and long exposures were needed “dry” emulsions made astrophotography much easier! First image of the moon, 1852 Which brings us to the modern era…

9. The Modern Era From Refractors to Reflectors These provide gains in “efficiency”: Collecting more light for the instrument Covering more sky per image And we can actually make large mirrors, whereas really large lenses are impossible.

10. An older Refracting Telescope The 0.9 meter Lick Refractor on Mt. Hamilton, CA

11. Versus a 35 year old reflecting telescope The 4 meter Mayall telescope at Kitt peak

12. Versus a very modern and very large Reflecting Telescope The 8 meter Gemini North telescope at Mauna Kea

13. But astronomers are at the mountain to use the instrument, not (really) the telescope! We have given up the magic of the darkroom (photography) for the mystery of electronics and computers

14. GMOSGNIRS on Gemini North

15. The Future On to 20 meter and 30 meter telescopes made by putting multiple 8 meter mirrors on one large mount The Giant Magellan Telescope Project