1. 3 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

2. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 2 of 48 Firms and Households: The Basic Decision-Making Units A firm is an organization that transforms resources (inputs) into products (outputs). Firms are the primary producing units in a market economy. An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a firm, taking a new idea or a new product and turning it into a successful business. Households are the consuming units in an economy.

3. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 3 of 48 Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow The circular flow of economic activity shows how firms and households interact in input and output markets.

4. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 4 of 48 Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow Product or output markets are the markets in which goods and services are exchanged. Input markets are the markets in which resources—labor, capital, and land—used to produce products, are exchanged.

5. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 5 of 48 Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow Goods and services flow clockwise (باتجاه عقارب الساعة). Firms provide goods and services; households supply labor services.Goods and services flow clockwise (باتجاه عقارب الساعة). Firms provide goods and services; households supply labor services. Payments (usually money) flow in the opposite direction (counterclockwise) as the flow of labor services, goods, and services.Payments (usually money) flow in the opposite direction (counterclockwise) as the flow of labor services, goods, and services.

6. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 6 of 48 Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow Input or factor markets are the markets in which the resources used to produce products are exchanged. They include: The labor market, in which households supply work for wages to firms that demand labor.

7. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 7 of 48 Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow The capital market, in which households supply their savings, for interest or for claims to future profits, to firms that demand funds to buy capital goods. The land market, in which households supply land or other real property in exchange for rent.

8. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 8 of 48 Demand in Product/Output Markets The income available to the household. A household’s decision about the demand depends on:

9. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 9 of 48 Demand in Product/Output Markets The household’s amount of accumulated wealth. The prices of other products (substitutes and complements) available to the household.

10. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 10 of 48 Demand in Product/Output Markets The household’s tastes and preferences. The household’s expectations about future income, wealth, and prices.

11. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 11 of 48 Demand in Product/Output Markets Quantity demanded is the amount (number of units) of a product that a household would buy in a given time period if it could buy all it wanted at the current market price.

12. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 12 of 48 Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand The most important relationship in individual markets is that between market price and quantity demanded.

13. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 13 of 48 Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand We use the ceteris paribus or “all else equal” device, to examine the relationship between the quantity demanded of a good per period of time and the price of that good, while holding income, wealth, other prices, tastes, and expectations constant.

14. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 14 of 48 Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand A demand schedule is a table showing how much of a given product a household would be willing to buy at different prices. Demand curves are usually derived from demand schedules.

15. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 15 of 48 Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand The demand curve is a graph illustrating how much of a given product a household would be willing to buy at different prices.

16. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 16 of 48 Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand The law of demand states that there is a negative, or inverse, relationship between price and the quantity of a good demanded and its price. This means that demand curves slope downward.

17. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 17 of 48 Other Determinants of Household Demand Income is the sum of all households wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings in a given period of time. It is a flow measure. Wealth, or net worth, is the total value of what a household owns minus what it owes. It is a stock measure.

18. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 18 of 48 Other Determinants of Household Demand Normal Goods are goods for which demand goes up when income is higher and for which demand goes down when income is lower. Inferior Goods are goods for which demand falls when income rises.

19. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 19 of 48 Other Determinants of Household Demand Substitutes are goods that can serve as replacements for one another; when the price of one increases, demand for the other goes up. Perfect substitutes are identical products.

20. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 20 of 48 Other Determinants of Household Demand Complements are goods that “go together”; a decrease in the price of one results in an increase in demand for the other, and vice versa.

21. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 21 of 48 Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand Changes in price affect the quantity demanded per period. Changes in income, wealth, other prices, tastes, or expectations affect demand.

22. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 22 of 48 Shift of Demand Versus Movement Along a Demand Curve A change in demand is not the same as a change in quantity demanded. A higher price causes lower quantity demanded and a move along the demand curve D A. Changes in determinants of demand, other than price, cause a change in demand, or a shift of the entire demand curve, from D A to D B.

23. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 23 of 48 A Change in Demand Versus a Change in Quantity Demanded To summarize : Change in price of a good or service leads to Change in quantity demanded (Movement along the curve). Change in income, preferences, or prices of other goods or services leads to Change in demand (Shift of curve).

24. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 24 of 48 The Impact of a Change in Income Higher income decreases the demand for an inferior good Higher income increases the demand for a normal good

25. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 25 of 48 The Impact of a Change in the Price of Related Goods Price of hamburger rises Demand for complement good (ketchup) shifts left Demand for substitute good (chicken) shifts right Quantity of hamburger demanded per month falls

26. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 26 of 48 From Household Demand to Market Demand Demand for a good or service can be defined for an individual household, or for a group of households that make up a market. Market demand is the sum of all the quantities of a good or service demanded per period by all the households buying in the market for that good or service.

27. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 27 of 48 From Household Demand to Market Demand Assuming there are only two households in the market, market demand is derived as follows:

28. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 28 of 48 Supply in Product/Output Markets Supply decisions depend on profit potential. Profit is the difference between revenues and costs.

29. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 29 of 48 A supply schedule is a table showing how much of a product firms will supply at different prices. Quantity supplied represents the number of units of a product that a firm would be willing and able to offer for sale at a particular price during a given time period. Supply in Product/Output Markets

30. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 30 of 48 Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply A supply curve is a graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will supply per period of time at different prices.A supply curve is a graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will supply per period of time at different prices.

31. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 31 of 48 Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply The law of supply states that there is a positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied. This means that supply curves typically have a positive slope.

32. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 32 of 48 Other Determinants of Supply The price of the good or service. The cost of producing the good, which in turn depends on: The price of required inputs (labor, capital, and land), The technologies that can be used to produce the product, The prices of related products.

33. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 33 of 48 A higher price causes higher quantity supplied, and a move along the demand curve.A higher price causes higher quantity supplied, and a move along the demand curve. A change in determinants of supply other than price causes an increase in supply, or a shift of the entire supply curve, from S A to S B.A change in determinants of supply other than price causes an increase in supply, or a shift of the entire supply curve, from S A to S B. Shift of Supply Versus Movement Along a Supply Curve

34. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 34 of 48 In this example, since the factor affecting supply is not the price of soybeans but a technological change in soybean production, there is a shift of the supply curve rather than a movement along the supply curve. The technological advance means that more output can be supplied for at any given price level. Shift of Supply Curve for Soybeans Following Development of a New Seed Strain

35. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 35 of 48 To summarize : Change in price of a good or service leads to Change in quantity supplied (Movement along the curve). Change in costs, input prices, technology, or prices of related goods and services leads to Change in supply (Shift of curve). Shift of Supply Versus Movement Along a Supply Curve

36. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 36 of 48 From Individual Supply to Market Supply The supply of a good or service can be defined for an individual firm, or for a group of firms that make up a market or an industry. Market supply is the sum of all the quantities of a good or service supplied per period by all the firms selling in the market for that good or service.

37. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 37 of 48 From Individual Supply to Market Supply As with market demand, market supply is the horizontal summation of individual firms’ supply curves.

38. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 38 of 48 Market Equilibrium Market equilibrium is the condition that exists when quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal. At equilibrium, there is no tendency for the market price to change.

39. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 39 of 48 Market Equilibrium Only in equilibrium is quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded. At any price level other than P 0, such as P 1, quantity supplied does not equal quantity demanded.At any price level other than P 0, such as P 1, quantity supplied does not equal quantity demanded.

40. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 40 of 48 Excess Demand Excess demand, or shortage, is the condition that exists when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current price. When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, price tends to rise until equilibrium is restored.

41. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 41 of 48 Excess Supply Excess supply, or surplus, is the condition that exists when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current price. When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, price tends to fall until equilibrium is restored.

42. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 42 of 48 Changes in Equilibrium Higher demand leads to higher equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity. Higher supply leads to lower equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity.

43. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 43 of 48 Changes in Equilibrium Lower demand leads to lower price and lower quantity exchanged. Lower supply leads to higher price and lower quantity exchanged.

44. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 44 of 48 Relative Magnitudes of Change The relative magnitudes of change in supply and demand determine the outcome of market equilibrium.

45. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 45 of 48 Relative Magnitudes of Change When supply and demand both increase, quantity will increase, but price may go up or down.When supply and demand both increase, quantity will increase, but price may go up or down.

46. C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 46 of 48 Review Terms and Concepts capital market capital market complements, complementary goods complements, complementary goods demand curve demand curve demand schedule demand schedule entrepreneur equilibrium excess demand or shortage excess demand or shortage excess supply or surplus excess supply or surplus factors of production factors of production firm households perfect substitutes perfect substitutes product or output markets product or output markets profit quantity demanded quantity demanded quantity supplied quantity supplied shift of a demand curve shift of a demand curve substitutes supply curve supply curve supply schedule supply schedule wealth or net worth wealth or net worth income inferior goods inferior goods input or factor markets input or factor markets labor market labor market land market land market law of demand law of demand law of supply law of supply market demand market demand market supply market supply movement along a demand curve movement along a demand curve normal goods normal goods