1. PRINCIPLES OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY Set of principles or “scientific rules” Some are specific to dendrochronology –Tree selection Others are basic to many disciplines –Replication

2. Crossdating Matching of ring patterns across trees –Widths, density, other features Allows year date of formation to be assigned to each ring Critical to dendrochronology

3. Limiting Factors Liebig’s Law of the Minimum –Rate of a process is limited by most limiting factor –Interactions between nutrients –Other factors: water?

4. Limiting Factors Tree Growth –Cannot proceed faster than is allowed by most limiting factor –Degree and duration of a limiting factor change from year to year  ring variation –Could be different limiting factors relative to various frequencies of growth

5. Limiting Factors Sheep Mt bcp: moisture/temperature limited at high-frequency Decadal ramp evidence of CO 2 limitation?

6. Aggregate Tree Growth Ring variation is a function of –Age or size –Climate –Endogenous disturbances –Exogenous disturbances –Leftover

7. Aggregate Tree Growth To focus on one of these factors, others must be accounted for –To study past climate: –Sample trees without past disturbance –Remove age effect

8. Aggregate Tree Growth Age or size effects removed by detrending

9. Site and Tree Selection Select a site to maximize effect of an environmental factor on tree growth Eliminate or equalize other factors Isolate the single factor of interest Edaphic variation can be below surface

10. Site and Tree Selection Not random sampling in true ecological sense Ramifications for inference –Instead of saying: Climate affects tree growth in such a way … –We might say: Past climate at this site has been such and such …

11. Replication Multiple radii to estimate tree growth Multiple trees to crossdate, estimate site patterns Multiple sites to estimate regional tendencies Multiple samples to establish building sequences

12. Ecological Amplitude Tree growth more sensitive to environmental factors at edge of species range Altitudinal: –Pine sensitive to moisture at lower elevational limit

13. Ecological Amplitude Latitudinal: –Trees may occupy wide variety of microsites in center of range, not limited by single factor –Trees may occupy narrow variety of microsites along margins of range

14. Ecological Amplitude White oak is classic –Enormous range –Gentle topography –Itrdbfor: “In the East … tree sensitivity to climate increases from the range center out toward the range edge.”

15. Ecological Amplitude Might affect age of trees: –Schulman, Ferguson 1956 (Science 1954, v. 119, pg. 396, 883) –“Young” bcp in east –Old bcp to west –Corresponds to average rainfall totals

16. Ecological Amplitude Currey 1964: –Found oldest bcp on Wheeler Peak, NV –“The simple hypothesis of Schulman and Ferguson is … no longer tenable.”

17. Uniformitarianism Physical and biological processes that link current environmental processes with current patterns of tree growth operated similarly in the past “Present is key to past” (Hutton 1785)

18. Uniformitarianism Tree rings from the 1900s calibrated with rainfall records from 1900s –Annual precipitation Past rings indicate past precipitation

19. Uniformitarianism Have current environmental conditions existed in past? Do past environmental conditions exist currently? Young trees vs. old trees? –Szeicz and MacDonald 1994: Age- dependent tree-ring growth responses of subarctic white spruce to climate. CJFR 24:120-132.

20. Uniformitarianism Paleo twist: Past is key to future –This is why we do what why do