1. Week 6 Religion The Religious Culture of Everyday Life in Late Imperial Jinhua What is Religion? Three Case Studies Changes over Time

2. Religion = zongjiao 宗教

3. What is Religion? “(1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, pervasive, and long- lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that (5) the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic” – Clifford Geertz Talal Asad’s critique

4. Traditional China Traditional Europe Modern West Category of “Religion” Relationship of human world to world of spirits

5. What is Religion? Assumptions Practices Institutions that seek to impose order

6. Historical Changes 1.Formation of the bureacratic metaphor mirrors expansion of state power 2.Commercialization of religious mentalities

8. Case Study 2: Lord Hu Hu Ze (963-1039) Mt. Fangyan

9. Case Study 3: Great Immortal Huang Huang Chuping (Jin dynasty – c3) Ge Hong (284-364) Gazetteer of Red Pine Mountain (c13)

10. Assumptions 1.The human world is situated between and interacts with Heaven and Earth 2.Various categories of beings inhabit world of spirits, and can move to and from human world 3.The world of the spirits is organized like the human bureaucracy BUT 4.There is a wide range of ways of interacting with the gods 5.Gods and cults map an alternative version of space and locale