1. Arsenic toxicology

2. “The King of Poisons”

3. “The Poison of Kings”

5. Arsenic History Discovery credited to Albertus Magnus ~ 1250 Dartmouth Center for Environmental HealthSciences

6. “The Poison of Kings” Cesare Borgia Italy Middle Ages

7. Arsenic Facts

10. Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species

11. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb)

12. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity

13. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity

14. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity arsenite (As +3 ) – As 2 O 3 arsenate (As +5 ) – As 2 O 5

15. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity arsenite (As +3 ) – As 2 O 3 greater absorption, most toxic arsenate (As +5 ) – As 2 O 5

16. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity arsenite (As +3 ) – As 2 O 3 greater absorption, most toxic arsenate (As +5 ) – As 2 O 5 As 0, Ca 3 (AsO 4 ) 2, GaAs, Na 2 HAsO 4, NaAsO 2

17. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity arsenite (As +3 ) – As 2 O 3 greater absorption, most toxic arsenate (As +5 ) – As 2 O 5 As 0, Ca 3 (AsO 4 ) 2, GaAs, Na 2 HAsO 4, NaAsO 2 Organic: soil, pesticides, marine organisms generally less toxic

18. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity arsenite (As +3 ) – As 2 O 3 greater absorption, most toxic arsenate (As +5 ) – As 2 O 5 As 0, Ca 3 (AsO 4 ) 2, GaAs, Na 2 HAsO 4, NaAsO 2 Organic: soil, pesticides, marine organisms generally less toxic Human exposure:

19. Arsenic Facts Naturally occurring in earth’s crust > 200 mineral species  soil ~ 3-4 ppm  water ~ 1 ppb (> 1000 ppb) Atmospheric – 1/3 from volcanism; 2/3 human activity Inorganic: most prevalent in human toxicity arsenite (As +3 ) – As 2 O 3 greater absorption, most toxic arsenate (As +5 ) – As 2 O 5 As 0, Ca 3 (AsO 4 ) 2, GaAs, Na 2 HAsO 4, NaAsO 2 Organic: soil, pesticides, marine organisms generally less toxic Human exposure:  Diet -- 80% (poultry, fish, meat, mushrooms), air (mining, smelting, fossil fuels), groundwater, timber treatmenttimber treatment, pesticides, semi-conductors (GaAs)

20. Arsenic Toxicology Blisters, skin lesions, gastrointestinal problems

21. Arsenic Toxicology Blisters, skin lesions, gastrointestinal problems Proven human carcinogen

22. Arsenic Toxicology Blisters, skin lesions, gastrointestinal problems Proven human carcinogen  skin, bladder, kidney, lung, liver

23. Arsenic Exposure Standards EPA 10 ppb in drinking water10 ppb

24. Arsenic Exposure Standards EPA 10 ppb in drinking water (replaced old standard 50 ppb)10 ppb

25. Arsenic Exposure Standards EPA 10 ppb in drinking water RfD 3 x 10 -4 mg/kg/dayRfD NOAEL 0.009 mg/L LOAEL 0.17 mg/L

26. Arsenic toxicology: case studies Outside Magazine

27. Cancer cluster Churchill Country Nevada Outside Magazine

30. Population: Churchill County: 20,000 Fallon: 8,000

31. Population: Churchill County: 20,000 Fallon: 8,000 Acute leukemia:

32. Population: Churchill County: 20,000 Fallon: 8,000 Acute leukemia: Expected: 2

33. Population: Churchill County: 20,000 Fallon: 8,000 Acute leukemia: Expected: 2 Observed: 16

34. Municipal water supply from basalt aquifer underneath Rattlesnake HillRattlesnake Hill, near Fallon

35. Municipal water supply from basalt aquifer underneath Rattlesnake HillRattlesnake Hill, near Fallon > 100 ppb As

36. Cancer cluster Churchill Country Nevada Moore et al, Archives Pub. Health 2002

37. Nevada Cancer cluster– other possible etiologies Moore et al, Archives Pub. Health 2002 Benzene from jet fuel spills tungsten, cobalt, EMF from long-range transmitter

38. Arsenic Compliance $19 million Treatment plant constructedTreatment plant

39. Arsenic Compliance $19 million Treatment plant constructedTreatment plant enhanced iron-based coagulation/filtration systemiron-based coagulation/filtration

40. Arsenic Compliance $19 million Treatment plant constructedTreatment plant enhanced iron-based coagulation/filtration systemiron-based coagulation/filtration As +3 and As +5 strongly adsorb to iron oxides

41. Arsenic in groundwater: Bangladesh

45. BBC

46. UNESCO

49. UNESCO/BBC

52. Small-scale water treatment Sono filter – composite iron matrix filterSono filter

54. Questions?