1. Economic Development & Classification Systems
IB-SL Economics
P. Messere

2. Assessing Living Standards
Increase in GDP for World’s regions ( )
Region
GDP Increase
(% annual average change)
Developed Market Economies
2.5
3.7
2.4
Developing Countries 3
4.5
4.8
E. European countries
3.1
1.5
-2.3
According to the above table, which region has shown the greatest improvement in economic welfare?

3. Development – What & For Whom?
Has an economy developed when economic growth (increased GDP per capita) occurs but the following conditions are also present?
Incomes for the poorest 25% to 50% of the population remain unchanged
Large proportion of the population is unable to meet basic needs for food, shelter, sanitation, health care etc…
Long term unemployment increases with improved productivity
The growth is fuelled by a few wealthy land owners producing primary goods for export rather than domestic consumption & profits are reinvested abroad, rather than at home

4. Economic Growth vs. Development
The increase in real national income (GDP/GNP) during a given time period, usually one year
Economic growth is a quantitative concept allowing for comparisons both between countries and over time

5. Economic Growth vs. Development
Economic Development (Past)
Originally referred to the process of industrialization (structural transformation of economy primarily dependent on agriculture to one producing manufactured goods) accompanied by increased real per capita GDP/GNP
Definition proved too narrow for development economists as it did not illustrate true development in terms of increased living standards or quality of life for citizens

6. Economic Growth vs. Development
Economic Development (recent)
Includes economic growth but must include reduction of:
Poverty
Income inequality
Unemployment
Development is qualitative concept accounting for questions of what is being produced and who is getting it?

7. Development – Broader Context

8. Classifications of Developing Countries: World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction & Development) System
divides 133 countries (both developed & and developing) with populations in excess of 1 million into four groups according to per capita income levels:
Low income: per cap. GNP < $785 in1997
Middle income: $786 - $3,125
Upper middle-income: $3,126 - $9,655
High income: per cap. GNP > $9656 in 1997

9. Classifications of Developing Countries: World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank’s System
first three groups (per cap. GNP to $9655) comprise 107 mostly developing countries
last group (high income economies) made up of 26 nations; 24 from First World and other two (Kuwait & UAE) classified as developing

10. Classifications of Developing Countries: OECD
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development) divides third world into four groups:
61 low-income countries (LICs) with per cap. income less than $659 including 29 least developed countries (LLDCs)
73 middle-income countries (MICs)
11 newly industrializing countries (NICs)
13 members of OPEC

14. Alternative Measures of Development
To overcome problem of using GDP growth as measure of development, economists construct measurements based on relatively quantifiable and identifiable variables showing relative living standards and overall human welfare
Such common indicators include:
‘Distance’ between richest 10% and poorest 10% in society
Doctors per 1,000 people & average travel time to hospital
Number of people with access to clean drinking water
Average daily caloric intake per person
Road km & other transportation networks in km per capita
Telephones/computers/internet access per 1,000 inhabitants

15. Alternative Measures of Development (con’t)
Additional indicators include:
Infant mortality rates
Life expectancy
Percentage spent on public education relative to national budget/GDP
GDP/GNP adjusted for pollution / environmental damage / non-monetary activities such as barter
Adjusting income figures showing long-run sustainability by factoring in depreciation of environmental capital eg. natural resources

16. Composite Indexes No single indicator can show overall development
Composite indexes created where number of different variables used together and indexed in order to make comparisons possible
Physical Quality of Life Index
United Nations Human Development Index (most commonly used)
Human Poverty Index

17. Alternative Measures of Development: PQLI
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
PQLI uses three indicators (weighted equally) to form a simple composite index where performance of each country is rated on a scale of 1 (worst) to 100 (best):
life expectancy: 100 = 77 yrs, & 28 yrs. = 1
infant mortality:100 = 9 per 1000 & 1 = 229 per 1000
literacy rates (as per country data)

19. Alternative Measures of Development: United Nations HDI
The United Nations Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI attempts to rank all countries on scale of 0 (lowest human development) to 1 (highest human development) based on three goals:
life expectancy at birth (longevity)
educational attainment (knowledge)
real per capita income (living standard)

22. The Structural Diversity of Developing Economies
Size and income level

24. The Structural Diversity of Developing Economies
Size and income level
Historical background
Physical and human resources
Ethnic and religious composition
Relative importance of public and private sectors
Industrial structure

26. The Structural Diversity of Developing Economies
Size and income level
Historical background
Physical and human resources
Ethnic and religious composition
Relative importance of public and private sectors
Industrial structure
External dependence
Political structure, power, and interest groups