1. http://www.ablongman.com/bee4eCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 4 Prenatal Development And Birth Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development In Infancy This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Growth –Age One 10 – 12 inches of growth Triple their body weight –Age Two Toddlers reach half of their adult heights. Proportionately much larger heads Physical Changes

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Develops rapidly during the first 2 years –Midbrain and Medulla are the most fully developed at birth. –The cortex is the least developed. The Brain and Nervous System

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5. Synaptogenesis –The creation of synapses –Occurs rapidly during first years after birth –Happens in spurts –Brain weight quadruples by age 4 Pruning –Unnecessary pathways and connections are eliminated. Synaptic Development

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Plasticity –The brain’s ability to change in response to experience Use it or Lose it Changes in psychological functioning –Tied to changes in the brain throughout the lifespan Synaptic Development

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Formation of myelin sheath –Covering around individual axons –Provides insulation and speeds up neuronal processes Follows Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal patterns Most rapid during first 2 months Continues throughout childhood and adolescence Myelinization

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Adaptive reflexes –Help survival Sucking Withdrawal from pain Opening and closing of pupil –Weak or absent reflexes warn of possible neuronal development problems. Reflexes and Behavioral States

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Primitive Reflexes –Controlled by the less sophisticated parts of the brain Moro Reflex Babinski Reflex –These reflexes should disappear by six to eight months. –Persistence indicates neurological problems. Reflexes and Behavioral States

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 States of Consciousness –Patterns of sleep and wakefulness stabilize with age. –Neonates sleep 80% of the time. –By 8 weeks, babies will begin to sleep through the night. –By 6 months, babies are sleeping 14 hours per day. –Clear nighttime patterns and daytime naps are established. Reflexes and Behavioral States

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cries –Basic cry signals hunger – rhythmical pattern –Anger cry – louder and more intense –Pain cry – very abrupt onset Cross-cultural studies suggest crying increases until 6 weeks then tapers off. Prompt attention to crying in the first three months leads to less crying later. Reflexes and Behavioral States

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Bones –Increases in length of long bones underlie increases in height. –Changes in number and density of bones are responsible for improved coordination. –Ossification The process of hardening of bones Begins during prenatal development Continues through puberty Motor development depends on ossification. Developing Body Systems and Motor Skills

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Muscles –All are present at birth –Decline in muscle tissue to fat ratio occurs by age 1 Lungs and Heart –Rapid growth during first 2 years leads to stamina. Motor Skills –Locomotor skills (gross motor) – crawling –Nonlocomotor skills – controlling head movements –Manipulative skills (fine motor control) – use of hands and fingers Developing Body Systems and Motor Skills

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Gender Differences –Girls are ahead during infancy. Slight advantage in manipulative skills –Boys suffer from more developmental delays. Have higher mortality rates –Boys are typically more active. Clear preference for rough and tumble play More aggressive than girls by the end of the second year Developing Body Systems and Motor Skills

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Do you or your spouse plan on breastfeeding? What factors would make you want to breastfeed? What factors would cause you not to breastfeed? What are the three most important factors that influence physical growth? Why are they important? Questions to Ponder

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Nutrition –Breast-feeding is superior nutritionally. Contributes to more rapid weigh gain and size Breastfed infants less likely to suffer from common illnesses Stimulates better immunes system functioning May not be possible for all mothers Health and Wellness

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Nutrition –Bottle-Feeding Can be high quality Special needs formulas available. Babies being bottle-fed can be held and cuddled in the same way as breastfed babies. Social reactions of bottle-fed babies are identical to breastfed babies. –Solid Foods Do not encourage babies to sleep through the night Should start between 4 – 6 months First foods are rice cereal with iron Health and Wellness

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Malnutrition –Macronutrient malnutrition Diet that contains too few calories Leading cause of death in children under 5 –Marasmus Severe calorie deficit Extremely small Permanent brain damage –Kwashiorkor Diet too low in protein Chronically ill with large amounts of water retention in belly Health and Wellness

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Health Care and Immunizations –Motor skills are assessed by doctor visits. –Vaccinations are given to prevent diseases. U.S. vaccinations are extremely high Continued education efforts and government support is needed Illnesses in the First 2 Years –Respiratory illnesses common –Chronic ear infections May compromise brain development for language Health and Wellness

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Infant Mortality –Death within the first year of life –7 babies per 1000 in the U.S. Declined steadily for several decades Higher than other industrialized countries Health and Wellness

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Figure 4.2

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Figure 4.3

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) –Apparently healthy baby dies suddenly –More common in babies with apnea –More frequent in babies who sleep on their stomachs –Higher risk if mother smokes during pregnancy or anyone smokes in the home after birth Health and Wellness

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Vision –Tracking The process of following a moving object Initially inefficient but improves rapidly –Color Vision Red, green and blue clearly present by 1 month Infant’s ability to sense color almost identical to an adult’s –Rapid development of visual acuity Sensory Skills

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Hearing –Newborns hear adult voices well. –High-pitched noises need to be loud to be heard. –Infants can locate the direction of some sounds at birth. Smelling and Tasting –Newborns react differently to each basic taste as early as birth. –Smell has nearly unlimited variations. Touch and Motion –Best developed of all senses Sensory Skills

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Figure 4.4

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Studying Perceptual Development –Preference Technique –Habituation/Dishabituation –Operant Conditioning Perceptual Skills

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Depth Perception –Binocular cues Involve both eyes The closer the object is, the more the view is from the two eyes differs. Information from eye muscles tells about distance. –Monocular cues Input from one eye Interposition Linear perspective –Kinetic cues Motion from objects or the eyes Looking Skills

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Visual Cliff – Gibson and Walk (1960) –Initially showed that 6 - month old babies would not cross the visual cliff –Recent Research Babies use kinetic information as early as 3 months. Binocular cues are used at 4 months. Linear perspective cues are used last, at 5 – 7 months. Depth Perception

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Babies initially scan for light/dark contrast. At 2 months, babies scan entire objects to identify things. Caron and Caron (1981) suggest that by 3 – 4 months babies can find and pay attention to patterns. What Babies Look At

31. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Faces –NOT uniquely interesting to infants –Clearly prefer attractive faces –Prefer the mother’s face from the earliest hours of life What Babies Look At

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Discriminating Speech Sounds –At 1 month, can discriminate between pa and ba –At 6 months, can discriminate between two-syllable words –By 3 months, respond to male, female, and children’s voices similarly –At 6 months, distinguish sound contrasts in any language; by 1 year old, this ability fades –Prefer the mother’s voice above all others Listening

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Discriminating Other Sounds –At 6 months, babies listen to melodies and recognize patterns. Combining Information from Several Senses –Intersensory Integration Integrate information from several senses –Cross-modal Transfer Learning from one sense and transferring it to another sense Listening

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