1. An research vision towards future generation of cars using light weight materials Dr. Shankar Kalyanasundaram June 6, 2007 DERF seminar Program

2. Some facts about automotive use in U.S.A Employs millions of people A vehicle is sold every two seconds – excellent for personal mobility Paved area equal to the states of Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania, requiring maintenance costing more than $200 million per day Maimed or injured 250 million people and killed more Americans than have died in all wars in America’s history 8 million barrels of oil is used every day Creates 7 billion pounds of unrecycled scrap and waste every year Emits lots of greenhouse gases (estimate include one-fourth of U.S generation of greenhouse gases) Reference: Natural Capitalism- The next Industrial Revolution; P. Hawken, A.B. Lovins, L.H Lovins

3. How about efficiency? 80% of the fuel consumption is lost mainly in the engine’s heat and exhaust Of the resulting force 95% is spent on moving the car and only 5% is spent on moving the driver 1% of fuel consumed is actually used in moving the passengers (1 cent for every dollar that one spends on petrol)

4. What should we do? Get rid of cars and use alternate modes of transportation Holy Cow!!!!

5. Bullock Cart is the answer!!

6. What is the answer? Needs to be ultra light weight Needs to have ultra-low-drag behavior Need a more efficient propulsion system –Hybrid-electric –Alternate fuels– Fuel Cell Technology Need to be fully recyclable Need to blend in today’s best technology Need to be commercially viable to produce and provide the customers with a “real” value for money

7. Our research focus Develop a research framework for manufacturing light weight materials for mass production (stamp forming) –Composite materials –Sandwich structures Lightweight materials are currently used in low volume & long production time applications (aerospace)

8. STAMP Forming of Metals High volume production  ~ 2 minutes for each part  couple of hundreds of parts per shift Quality indicators  Splitting  Wrinkling  Spring back (Geometrical tolerance) Generally involves room temperature manufacturing

9. Stamp forming

10. Research challenges on light weight material forming Develop an unified approach that combines numerical (FEA), analytical and experimental work The problem is governed by a large number of highly nonlinear coupled equations (FEA) Need realistic mechanics models to characterize the material behavior, interfaces and failure behaviors We have developed a novel experimental methodology to measure deformation behavior real time during forming – first of its kind in the world for light weight materials

11. Strain Measurement Cameras Punch Sample

12. - Wrinkle and crack formation Glass-reinforced FML cup Some results on failure behavior

13. Animations of simulations

14. Channel forming

15. Major strain for top surface of aluminium cup Aramis: above LS DYNA (FEA) : right Measurement of surface strain in stamped forms used to validate modeling Validation of Finite Element Simulations

16. Key findings so far Need to heat the samples before forming The material combinations can play a very critical role in producing a defect free part in addition to process variables Light weight materials can have superior forming characteristics compared to their monolithic metals --- Yes there is a big future for them in commercial productions!! Research is currently underway to produce an unified approach (improved and better than anyone) to handle this important problem in large scale manufacturing

17. Future Challenges Technology Transfer Issues –Need a Seamless manufacturing technology (from design to production) –Cost System Integration –Joining –Painting –Repair and maintenance –Organizational behavioral issues