1. An Overview of Anatomy
Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
Physiology – the study of body function

2. Anatomical terminology – based on ancient Greek or Latin
An Overview of Anatomy
Anatomical terminology – based on ancient Greek or Latin
Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
Branches of anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy (histology)

3. Other branches of anatomy
An Overview of Anatomy
Other branches of anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Embryology
Pathological anatomy (pathology)
Radiographic anatomy
Functional morphology

4. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical Level – atoms form molecules
Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function
Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose
Organismal level– the result of all simpler levels working in unison

5. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

6. Integumentary System
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

7. Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals

8. Muscular System
Allows manipulation of environment
Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

9. Nervous System
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes

10. Glands secrete hormones that regulate:
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate:
Growth
Reproduction
Nutrient use

11. Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood

12. Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

13. Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

14. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position

15. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Figure 1.3

16. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Directional terms
Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs

17. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Superior-Posterior

18. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Medial-Proximal

19. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Distal-Deep

20. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4a

21. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4b

22. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane
Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

23. Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane
Runs horizontally – divides body into superior and inferior parts
Figure 1.5

24. Banana Sectioned into Planes
Figure 1.7

25. The Human Body Plan
Tube-within-a-tube
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord and vertebrae
Segmentation
Pharyngeal pouches

26. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8

27. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8

28. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8

29. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

30. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9a

31. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

32. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9b

33. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral cavity (continued)
Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts
Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

34. Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa – covers visceral organs

35. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.10a, b

36. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.10c

37. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.10d

38. Body Cavities and Membranes
Other cavities
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

39. Other Body Cavities
Figure 1.11

40. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants – divides abdomen into four quadrants
Abdominal regions – divides abdomen into nine regions

41. Abdominal Quadrants
Figure 1.12

42. Abdominal Regions
Figure 1.12a, b

43. Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Light microscopy – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)
Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

44. Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Microscopic Anatomy
Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

45. Scanning electron microscopy
Microscopic Anatomy
Scanning electron microscopy
Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents
Artifacts
Minor distortions of preserved tissues
Not exactly like living tissues and organs

46. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures

47. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
Variations of X ray
Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen
Allows viewing of internal organs as they move
Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements

48. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference
Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section

49. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Digital subtraction angiography imaging (DSA) – provides an unobstructed view of small arteries
DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain

50. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues
Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus

51. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues
Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content