1. Sutherland & Cressy (1960) Criminology is the scientific approach to: a. the study of criminal behavior b. society’s reaction to law violations and violators

2. Criminology vs. Criminal Justice Criminal Justice  The Study of Agencies Related to the Control of Crime Criminology  The study of crime trends, nature of crime,theories of crime

3. Criminology vs. Deviance Criminology Focuses on Crimes  Crime = violation of criminal law Deviance Focuses on Violations of Societal Norms  These may or may not also be law violations

4. Criminology as a Discipline Until recently, (1970s) there was no such thing as a degree in “criminology” or “criminal justice.” 1900s-1970s: Degree in sociology or urban studies (emphasis on crime). Implication? Sociology dominates.  See your text book (fear/mistrust of “individual trait explanations)

5. A Sociological Criminology—The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Good: Focus on social structure horizontal and vertical), healthy skepticism (debunking motif) Bad: Ignore/ridicule “outside” disciplines (psych/bio) and their focus on individual differences  The Irony? Psychologists and biologists believe that social forces are as or more important than individual differences Ugly: When “debunking” turns to knowledge destruction

6. A Crude History of Criminology Middle Ages  Superstition, religion, and fear Classical School (1750s-1900)  Utilitarian philosophy (Becarria) Free Will, Hedonistic Calculus Positive School (1900-present)  Bio/psych determinism (1900-1920s)  Lombroso’s “Ativism”  Intelligence, Personality

7. Crude History—Part II Sociological theory (1920s-Present)  Durkheim, Merton and the “Chicago School” Political philosophy (1960s-early 1970s)  Marx Neo-classical (Late 1970s-1990s) Currently?  Developmental Theory (interdisciplinary)

8. Differing views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior Consensus View  Law defines crime; Agreement exists on outlawed behavior  Laws apply to all citizens equally Conflict view  Law is a tool of the ruling class (to control the underclass)  Crime is a politically defined concept Implications?

9. Doing Criminology: Types of Research Survey Research (cross-sectional research) LongitudinalResearch (cohort groups) Aggregate Data Research ExperimentalResearchObservationalResearch

10. Ideology in Criminology and Criminal Justice Walter Miller  Ideology is the “permanent hidden agenda of Criminal Justice” What is “Ideology?” Liberal/Progressive Ideology Conservative Ideology Radical Ideology

11. Implications of Ideology for Crime and Justice Conservatives tend to fit with “Classical School”  “Neo-Classical” = deterrence, incapacitation Liberal/Progressive fit with positive school  “Root causes” of crime only fixed by social change  Rehabilitation may be possible Radical = Marxist/conflict theory

12. Distinguishing Ideology from Fact Most research projects, papers, and books are influenced by ideology  Some are driven almost entirely by ideology  The Bell Curve However, familiarity with ideology, research methods and statistics will help you sift through such reports.