1. Functional renormalization group for the effective average action

2. physics at different length scales microscopic theories : where the laws are formulated microscopic theories : where the laws are formulated effective theories : where observations are made effective theories : where observations are made effective theory may involve different degrees of freedom as compared to microscopic theory effective theory may involve different degrees of freedom as compared to microscopic theory example: the motion of the earth around the sun does not need an understanding of nuclear burning in the sun example: the motion of the earth around the sun does not need an understanding of nuclear burning in the sun

3. QCD : Short and long distance degrees of freedom are different ! Short distances : quarks and gluons Short distances : quarks and gluons Long distances : baryons and mesons Long distances : baryons and mesons How to make the transition? How to make the transition? confinement/chiral symmetry breaking confinement/chiral symmetry breaking

4. collective degrees of freedom

5. Hubbard model Electrons on a cubic lattice Electrons on a cubic lattice here : on planes ( d = 2 ) here : on planes ( d = 2 ) Repulsive local interaction if two electrons are on the same site Repulsive local interaction if two electrons are on the same site Hopping interaction between two neighboring sites Hopping interaction between two neighboring sites

6. Hubbard model Functional integral formulation U > 0 : repulsive local interaction next neighbor interaction External parameters T : temperature μ : chemical potential (doping )

7. In solid state physics : “ model for everything “ Antiferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism High T c superconductivity High T c superconductivity Metal-insulator transition Metal-insulator transition Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism

8. Antiferromagnetism in d=2 Hubbard model temperature in units of t antiferro- magnetic order parameter T c /t = 0.115 U/t = 3 T.Baier, E.Bick,… μ = 0

9. antiferromagnetic order is finite size effect here size of experimental probe 1 cm here size of experimental probe 1 cm vanishing order for infinite volume vanishing order for infinite volume consistency with Mermin-Wagner theorem consistency with Mermin-Wagner theorem dependence on probe size very weak dependence on probe size very weak

10. Collective degrees of freedom are crucial ! for T < T c nonvanishing order parameter nonvanishing order parameter gap for fermions gap for fermions low energy excitations: low energy excitations: antiferromagnetic spin waves antiferromagnetic spin waves

11. effective theory / microscopic theory sometimes only distinguished by different values of couplings sometimes only distinguished by different values of couplings sometimes different degrees of freedom sometimes different degrees of freedom need for methods that can cope with such situations need for methods that can cope with such situations

12. Functional Renormalization Group describes flow of effective action from small to large length scales perturbative renormalization : case where only couplings change, and couplings are small

13. How to come from quarks and gluons to baryons and mesons ? How to come from electrons to spin waves ? Find effective description where relevant degrees of freedom depend on momentum scale or resolution in space. Find effective description where relevant degrees of freedom depend on momentum scale or resolution in space. Microscope with variable resolution: Microscope with variable resolution: High resolution, small piece of volume: High resolution, small piece of volume: quarks and gluons quarks and gluons Low resolution, large volume : hadrons Low resolution, large volume : hadrons

15. / Wegner, Houghton

16. effective average action

17. Unified picture for scalar field theories with symmetry O(N) in arbitrary dimension d and arbitrary N linear or nonlinear sigma-model for chiral symmetry breaking in QCD or: scalar model for antiferromagnetic spin waves (linear O(3) – model ) fermions will be added later fermions will be added later

18. Effective potential includes all fluctuations

19. Scalar field theory Scalar field theory

20. Flow equation for average potential

21. Simple one loop structure – nevertheless (almost) exact

22. Infrared cutoff

23. Partial differential equation for function U(k,φ) depending on two ( or more ) variables Z k Z k = c k -η

24. Regularisation For suitable R k : Momentum integral is ultraviolet and infrared finite Momentum integral is ultraviolet and infrared finite Numerical integration possible Numerical integration possible Flow equation defines a regularization scheme ( ERGE –regularization ) Flow equation defines a regularization scheme ( ERGE –regularization )

25. Integration by momentum shells Momentum integral is dominated by q 2 ~ k 2. Flow only sensitive to physics at scale k

26. Wave function renormalization and anomalous dimension for Z k (φ,q 2 ) : flow equation is exact !

27. Scaling form of evolution equation Tetradis … On r.h.s. : neither the scale k nor the wave function renormalization Z appear explicitly. Scaling solution: no dependence on t; corresponds to second order phase transition.

28. decoupling of heavy modes threshold functions vanish for large w : large mass as compared to k Flow involves effectively only modes with mass smaller or equal k unnecessary heavy modes are eliminated automatically effective theories addition of new collective modes still needs to be done

29. unified approach choose N choose N choose d choose d choose initial form of potential choose initial form of potential run ! run !

30. Flow of effective potential Ising model CO 2 T * =304.15 K p * =73.8.bar ρ * = 0.442 g cm-2 Experiment : S.Seide … Critical exponents

31. Critical exponents, d=3 ERGE world

32. derivative expansion good results already in lowest order in derivative expansion : one function u to be determined good results already in lowest order in derivative expansion : one function u to be determined second order derivative expansion - include field dependence of wave function renormalization : three functions to be determined second order derivative expansion - include field dependence of wave function renormalization : three functions to be determined

33. apparent convergence of derivative expansion from talk by Bervilliers

34. anomalous dimension

35. Solution of partial differential equation : yields highly nontrivial non-perturbative results despite the one loop structure ! Example: Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition

36. Essential scaling : d=2,N=2 Flow equation contains correctly the non- perturbative information ! Flow equation contains correctly the non- perturbative information ! (essential scaling usually described by vortices) (essential scaling usually described by vortices) Von Gersdorff …

37. Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition (d=2,N=2) Correct description of phase with Goldstone boson Goldstone boson ( infinite correlation length ) ( infinite correlation length ) for T<T c for T<T c

38. Running renormalized d-wave superconducting order parameter κ in doped Hubbard model κ - ln (k/Λ) TcTc T>T c T<T c C.Krahl,… macroscopic scale 1 cm

39. Renormalized order parameter κ and gap in electron propagator Δ in doped Hubbard model 100 Δ / t κ T/T c jump

40. Temperature dependent anomalous dimension η T/T c η

41. convergence and errors for precise results: systematic derivative expansion in second order in derivatives for precise results: systematic derivative expansion in second order in derivatives includes field dependent wave function renormalization Z(ρ) includes field dependent wave function renormalization Z(ρ) fourth order : similar results fourth order : similar results apparent fast convergence : no series resummation apparent fast convergence : no series resummation rough error estimate by different cutoffs and truncations rough error estimate by different cutoffs and truncations

42. Effective average action and exact renormalization group equation

43. Generating functional Generating functional

44. Loop expansion : perturbation theory with infrared cutoff in propagator Effective average action

45. Quantum effective action

46. Exact renormalization group equation

47. Proof of exact flow equation

48. Truncations Truncations Functional differential equation – cannot be solved exactly cannot be solved exactly Approximative solution by truncation of most general form of effective action most general form of effective action

49. non-perturbative systematic expansions

51. Exact flow equation for effective potential Evaluate exact flow equation for homogeneous field φ. Evaluate exact flow equation for homogeneous field φ. R.h.s. involves exact propagator in homogeneous background field φ. R.h.s. involves exact propagator in homogeneous background field φ.

52. many models have been studied along these lines … several fields several fields complicated phase structure ( e.g. 3 He ) complicated phase structure ( e.g. 3 He ) replica trick N=0 replica trick N=0 shift in critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensate with interaction ( needs resolution for momentum dependence of propagator ) shift in critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensate with interaction ( needs resolution for momentum dependence of propagator ) gauge theories gauge theories

53. disordered systems Canet, Delamotte, Tissier, …

54. including fermions : no particular problem ! no particular problem !

55. Universality in ultra-cold fermionic atom gases with S. Diehl, H.Gies, J.Pawlowski S. Diehl, H.Gies, J.Pawlowski

56. BEC – BCS crossover Bound molecules of two atoms on microscopic scale: Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC ) for low T Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC ) for low T Fermions with attractive interactions (molecules play no role ) : BCS – superfluidity at low T BCS – superfluidity at low T by condensation of Cooper pairs by condensation of Cooper pairs Crossover by Feshbach resonance Crossover by Feshbach resonance as a transition in terms of external magnetic field as a transition in terms of external magnetic field

57. chemical potential BEC BCS inverse scattering length

58. BEC – BCS crossover qualitative and partially quantitative theoretical understanding qualitative and partially quantitative theoretical understanding mean field theory (MFT ) and first attempts beyond mean field theory (MFT ) and first attempts beyond concentration : c = a k F reduced chemical potential : σ˜ = μ/ε F Fermi momemtum : k F Fermi energy : ε F binding energy : T = 0 BCSBEC

59. concentration c = a k F, a(B) : scattering length needs computation of density n=k F 3 /(3π 2 ) BCSBEC dilute dense T = 0 non- interacting Fermi gas non- interacting Bose gas

60. Quantum Monte Carlo different methods

61. QFT for non-relativistic fermions functional integral, action functional integral, action τ : euclidean time on torus with circumference 1/T σ : effective chemical potential perturbation theory: Feynman rules

62. parameters detuning ν(B) detuning ν(B) Yukawa or Feshbach coupling h φ Yukawa or Feshbach coupling h φ

63. fermionic action equivalent fermionic action, in general not local

64. scattering length a broad resonance : pointlike limit broad resonance : pointlike limit large Feshbach coupling large Feshbach coupling a= M λ/4π

65. collective di-atom states collective degrees of freedom can be introduced by partial bosonisation partial bosonisation ( Hubbard - Stratonovich transformation )

66. units and dimensions c = 1 ; ħ =1 ; k B = 1 c = 1 ; ħ =1 ; k B = 1 momentum ~ length -1 ~ mass ~ eV momentum ~ length -1 ~ mass ~ eV energies : 2ME ~ (momentum) 2 energies : 2ME ~ (momentum) 2 ( M : atom mass ) ( M : atom mass ) typical momentum unit : Fermi momentum typical momentum unit : Fermi momentum typical energy and temperature unit : Fermi energy typical energy and temperature unit : Fermi energy time ~ (momentum) -2 time ~ (momentum) -2 canonical dimensions different from relativistic QFT ! canonical dimensions different from relativistic QFT !

67. rescaled action M drops out M drops out all quantities in units of k F if all quantities in units of k F if

68. effective action integrate out all quantum and thermal fluctuations integrate out all quantum and thermal fluctuations quantum effective action quantum effective action generates full propagators and vertices generates full propagators and vertices richer structure than classical action richer structure than classical action

69. T = 0 gap parameter BCSBEC Δ

70. limits BCS for gap condensate fraction for bosons with scattering length 0.9 a

71. temperature dependence of condensate

72. c -1 =1 c -1 =0 T/T c free BEC universal critical behavior condensate fraction : second order phase transition

73. changing degrees of freedom

74. Antiferromagnetic order in the Hubbard model A functional renormalization group study T.Baier, E.Bick, …

75. Hubbard model Functional integral formulation U > 0 : repulsive local interaction next neighbor interaction External parameters T : temperature μ : chemical potential (doping )

76. lattice propagator

77. Fermion bilinears Introduce sources for bilinears Functional variation with respect to sources J yields expectation values and correlation functions

78. Partial Bosonisation collective bosonic variables for fermion bilinears collective bosonic variables for fermion bilinears insert identity in functional integral insert identity in functional integral ( Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation ) ( Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation ) replace four fermion interaction by equivalent bosonic interaction ( e.g. mass and Yukawa terms) replace four fermion interaction by equivalent bosonic interaction ( e.g. mass and Yukawa terms) problem : decomposition of fermion interaction into bilinears not unique ( Grassmann variables) problem : decomposition of fermion interaction into bilinears not unique ( Grassmann variables)

79. Partially bosonised functional integral equivalent to fermionic functional integral if Bosonic integration is Gaussian or: solve bosonic field equation as functional of fermion fields and reinsert into action

80. fermion – boson action fermion kinetic term boson quadratic term (“classical propagator” ) Yukawa coupling

81. source term is now linear in the bosonic fields

82. Mean Field Theory (MFT) Evaluate Gaussian fermionic integral in background of bosonic field, e.g.

83. Effective potential in mean field theory

84. Mean field phase diagram μ μ TcTc TcTc for two different choices of couplings – same U !

85. Mean field ambiguity TcTc μ mean field phase diagram U m = U ρ = U/2 U m = U/3,U ρ = 0 Artefact of approximation … cured by inclusion of bosonic fluctuations J.Jaeckel,…

86. Rebosonization and the mean field ambiguity

87. Bosonic fluctuations fermion loops boson loops mean field theory

88. Rebosonization adapt bosonization to every scale k such that adapt bosonization to every scale k such that is translated to bosonic interaction is translated to bosonic interaction H.Gies, … k-dependent field redefinition absorbs four-fermion coupling

89. Modification of evolution of couplings … Choose α k such that no four fermion coupling is generated Evolution with k-dependent field variables Rebosonisation

90. …cures mean field ambiguity TcTc U ρ /t MFT Flow eq. HF/SD

91. conclusions Flow equation for effective average action: Does it work? Does it work? Why does it work? Why does it work? When does it work? When does it work? How accurately does it work? How accurately does it work?

92. end

93. Flow equation for the Hubbard model T.Baier, E.Bick, …

94. Truncation Concentrate on antiferromagnetism Potential U depends only on α = a 2

95. scale evolution of effective potential for antiferromagnetic order parameter boson contribution fermion contribution effective masses depend on α ! gap for fermions ~α

96. running couplings

97. unrenormalized mass term Running mass term four-fermion interaction ~ m -2 diverges -ln(k/t)

98. dimensionless quantities renormalized antiferromagnetic order parameter κ

99. evolution of potential minimum -ln(k/t) U/t = 3, T/t = 0.15 κ 10 -2 λ

100. Critical temperature For T 10 -9 size of probe > 1 cm -ln(k/t) κ T c =0.115 T/t=0.05 T/t=0.1

101. Below the critical temperature : temperature in units of t antiferro- magnetic order parameter T c /t = 0.115 U = 3 Infinite-volume-correlation-length becomes larger than sample size finite sample ≈ finite k : order remains effectively

102. Pseudocritical temperature T pc Limiting temperature at which bosonic mass term vanishes ( κ becomes nonvanishing ) It corresponds to a diverging four-fermion coupling This is the “critical temperature” computed in MFT !

103. Pseudocritical temperature T pc μ TcTc MFT(HF) Flow eq.

104. Below the pseudocritical temperature the reign of the goldstone bosons effective nonlinear O(3) – σ - model

105. critical behavior for interval T c < T < T pc evolution as for classical Heisenberg model cf. Chakravarty,Halperin,Nelson

106. critical correlation length c,β : slowly varying functions exponential growth of correlation length compatible with observation ! at T c : correlation length reaches sample size !

107. critical behavior for order parameter and correlation function

108. Mermin-Wagner theorem ? No spontaneous symmetry breaking of continuous symmetry in d=2 ! of continuous symmetry in d=2 !

109. crossover phase diagram

110. shift of BEC critical temperature