1. Lecture 10 Naming services for flat namespaces

2. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Logistics / reminders Project Send Samer and me your group membership by the end of the week Quizzes: Q1: next time Q2: 11/16

3. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Implementation options: Flat namespace Problem: Given an essentially unstructured name how can we design a scalable solution that associates names to addresses? Possible designs: [last time] Simple solutions (broadcasting, forwarding pointers) Hash table-like approaches Consistent hashing, Distributed Hash Tables

4. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Functionality to implement Map: names  access points (addresses) Similar to a hash-table Manage (huge) list of pairs (name, address) or (key, value) Put (key, value) Lookup (key)  value Key idea: partitioning. Allocate parts of the list to different nodes

5. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Why the put()/get() interface? API supports a wide range of applications imposes no structure/meaning on keys Key/value pairs are persistent and global Can store keys in other values (indirection) And thus build complex data structures

6. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Why Might The Design Be Hard? Decentralized: no central authority Scalable: low network traffic overhead Efficient: find items quickly (latency) Dynamic: nodes fail, new nodes join General-purpose: flexible naming

7. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications The Lookup Problem Internet N1N1 N2N2 N3N3 N6N6 N5N5 N4N4 Publisher Put (Key=“title” Value=file data…) Client Get(key=“title”) ? At the heart of all these services

8. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Motivation: Centralized Lookup (Napster) Publisher@ Client Lookup(“title”) N6N6 N9N9 N7N7 DB N8N8 N3N3 N2N2 N1N1 SetLoc(“title”, N4) Simple, but O( N ) state and a single point of failure Key=“title” Value=file data… N4N4

9. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Motivation: Flooded Queries (Gnutella) N4N4 Publisher@ Client N6N6 N9N9 N7N7 N8N8 N3N3 N2N2 N1N1 Robust, but worst case O( N ) messages per lookup Key=“title” Value=file data… Lookup(“title”)

10. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Motivation: FreeDB, Routed DHT Queries (Chord, &c.) N4N4 Publisher Client N6N6 N9N9 N7N7 N8N8 N3N3 N2N2 N1N1 Lookup(H(audio data)) Key=H(audio data) Value={artist, album title, track title}

11. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Hash table-like approaches Consistent hashing, Distributed Hash Tables

12. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Partition Solution: Consistent hashing Consistent hashing: the output range of a hash function is treated as a fixed circular space or “ring”. Circular ID Space N32 N10 N100 N80 N60 Key ID Node ID K52 K30 K5 K99 K11 K33 128 0

13. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Partition Solution: Consistent hashing Mapping keys to nodes Advantages: incremental scalability, load balancing N32 N10 N100 N80 N60 Circular ID Space K33, K40, K52 K11, K30 K5, K10 K65, K70 K99 Key ID Node ID

14. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Consistent hashing How do store & lookup work? N32 N10 N100 N80 N60 K33, K40, K52 K11, K30 K5, K10 K65, K70 K99 Key ID Node ID “Key 5 is At N10” What node stores K5?

15. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Additional trick: Virtual Nodes Problem: How to do load balancing when nodes are heterogeneous? Solution idea: Each node owns an ID space proportional to its ‘power’ Virtual Nodes: Each physical node hosts multiple (similar) virtual nodes. Virtual nodes are treated the same Advantages: load balancing, incremental scalability, dealing with failures Dealing with heterogeneity: The number of virtual nodes that a node is responsible for can decided based on its capacity, accounting for heterogeneity in the physical infrastructure. When a node joins (if it supports many VN) it accepts a roughly equivalent amount of load from each of the other existing nodes. If a node becomes unavailable the load handled by this node is evenly dispersed across the remaining available nodes.

16. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Consistent Hashing – Summary so far Mechanism: Nodes get an identity by hashing their IP address, keys are also hashed into same space A key with id (hashed into) k, is assigned to first node whose hashed id is equal or follows k, in circular space: successor(k) Advantage Incremental scalability, load balancing Theoretical results: [N number of nodes, k number of keys in the system] [With high probability] Each node is responsible for at most (1+  )K/N keys [With high probability] Joining or leaving of a node relocates O(K/N) keys (and only to or from the responsible node)

17. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications BUT Consistent hashing – problem How large is the state maintained at each node? O(N); N number of nodes. N32 N10 N100 N80 N60 K33, K40, K52 K11, K30 K5, K10 K65, K70 K99 Key ID Node ID “Key 5 is At N10”

18. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Basic Lookup (nonsolution) N32 N10 N5 N20 N110 N99 N80 N60 N40 “Where is key 50?” “Key 50 is At N60” Lookups find the ID’s successor Correct if successors are correct

19. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Successor Lists Ensure Robust Lookup N32 N10 N5 N20 N110 N99 N80 N60 Each node remembers r successors Lookup can skip over dead nodes N40 10, 20, 32 20, 32, 40 32, 40, 60 40, 60, 80 60, 80, 99 80, 99, 110 99, 110, 5 110, 5, 10 5, 10, 20

20. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications “Finger Table” Accelerates Lookups N80 ½ ¼ 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 1/128

21. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Lookups take O(log N) hops N32 N10 N5 N20 N110 N99 N80 N60 Lookup(K19) K19

22. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Summary of Performance Characteristics Efficient: O(log N) messages per lookup Scalable: O(log N) state per node Robust: survives massive membership changes

23. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Joining the Ring Three step process Initialize all fingers of new node Update fingers of existing nodes Transfer keys from successor to new node Two invariants to maintain to insure correctness Each node’s successor list is maintained successor(k) is responsible for monitoring k

24. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications N36 1. Lookup(37,38,40,…,100,164) N60 N40 N5 N20 N99 N80 Join: Initialize New Node’s Finger Table Locate any node p in the ring Ask node p to lookup fingers of new node

25. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications N36 N60 N40 N5 N20 N99 N80 Join: Update Fingers of Existing Nodes New node calls update function on existing nodes Existing nodes recursively update fingers of other nodes

26. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Copy keys 21..36 from N40 to N36 (the others saty) K30 K38 N36 N60 N40 N5 N20 N99 N80 K30 K38 Join: Transfer Keys Only keys in the range are transferred

27. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications N120 N113 N102 N80 N85 N10 Lookup(90) Handling Failures Problem: Failures could cause incorrect lookup Solution: Fallback: keep track of successor’s successor (i.e., keep list of r successors)

28. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications 28 Choosing Successor List Length r - length of successor list N – nodes in the system Assume 50% of the nodes fail P(successor list all dead for a specific node) = (1/2) r i.e., P(this node breaks the ring) depends on independent failure assumption P(no broken nodes) = (1 – (1/2) r ) N r = 2log(N) makes prob. = 1 – 1/N

29. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications DHT – Summary so far Mechanism: Nodes get an identity by hashing their IP address, keys are also hashed into same space A key with id (hashed into) k, is assigned to first node whose hashed id is equal or follows k, in circular space: successor(k) Properties Incremental scalability, good load balancing Efficient: O(log N) messages per lookup Scalable: O(log N) state per node Robust: survives massive membership changes

30. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Some experimental results

31. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Chord Lookup Cost Is O(log N) Number of Nodes Average Messages per Lookup Constant is 1/2

32. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Failure Experimental Setup Start 1,000 CFS/Chord servers Successor list has 20 entries Wait until they stabilize Insert 1,000 key/value pairs Five replicas of each Stop X% of the servers Immediately perform 1,000 lookups

33. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications DHash Replicates Blocks at r Successors N40 N10 N5 N20 N110 N99 N80 N60 N50 Block 17 N68 Replicas are easy to find if successor fails Hashed node IDs ensure independent failure

34. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Massive Failures Have Little Impact Failed Lookups (Percent) Failed Nodes (Percent) (1/2) 6 is 1.6%

35. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Applications

36. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications An Example Application: The CD Database Compute Disc Fingerprint Recognize Fingerprint? Album & Track Titles

37. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications An Example Application: The CD Database Type In Album and Track Titles Album & Track Titles No Such Fingerprint

38. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications A DHT-Based FreeDB Cache FreeDB is a volunteer service Has suffered outages as long as 48 hours Service costs born largely by volunteer mirrors Idea: Build a cache of FreeDB with a DHT Add to availability of main service Goal: explore how easy this is to do

39. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Cache Illustration DHT New Albums Disc Fingerprint Disc Info Disc Fingerprint

40. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Trackerless BitTorrent: A client wants to download the file: Contacts the tracker identified in the.torrent file (using HTTP) Tracker sends client a (random) list of peers who have/are downloading the file Client contacts peers on list to see which segments of the file they have Client requests segments from peers Client reports to other peers it knows about that it has the segment Other peers start to contact client to get the segment (while client is getting other segments)

41. EECE 411: Design of Distributed Software Applications Next A distributed system is: a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system Components need to: Communicate Cooperate => support needed Naming – enables some resource sharing Synchronization