1. Chapter Nine Buying and Selling

2. u Trade involves exchange, so when something is bought something else must be sold. u What will be bought? What will be sold?

3. Buying and Selling u And how are incomes generated? u How does the value of income depend upon the prices of commodities? u How can we put all this together to explain better how price changes affect demands?

4. Endowments u The list of resource units with which a consumer starts is called his endowment. u A consumer’s endowment will be denoted by the vector (omega).

5. Endowments u For example means that the consumer is endowed with 10 units of good 1 and 2 units of good 2. u What is the endowment’s value? u For which consumption bundles may it be exchanged?

6. Endowments u Given prices p 1 =2 and p 2 =3 the value of the endowment is u Q: For which consumption bundles may the endowment be exchanged? u A: For any bundle costing no more than the endowment’s market value.

7. Budget Constraints Revisited u So, given prices p 1 and p 2, the budget constraint for a consumer with an endowment is u The budget set is

8. Budget Constraints Revisited x2x2 x1x1  

9. x2x2 x1x1  

10. x2x2 x1x1   Notice that the endowment point is always on the budget constraint. So relative price changes cause the budget constraint to pivot about the endowment point.

11. Budget Constraints Revisited u The budget constraint can be rewritten as u This says that the sum of the values of a consumer’s net demands is zero.

12. Net Demands u Suppose and that p 1 =2, p 2 =3. Then the budget constraint is  Suppose the consumer demands (x 1 *,x 2 *) = (7,4), so the consumer exchanges 3 units of good 1 for 2 units of good 2. Net demands are x 1 *-  1 = 7-10 = -3, x 2 *-  2 = 4-2 = +2.

13. Net Demands p 1 =2, p 2 =3, x 1 *-  1 = -3 and x 2 *-  2 = +2 so The purchase of the 2 extra units of good 2 at $3 each is funded by giving up 3 units of good 1 at $2 each.

14. Net Demands x2x2 x1x1   x2*x2* x1*x1* At prices (p 1,p 2 ) the consumer sells units of good 1 to acquire more units of good 2.

15. Net Demands x2x2 x1x1   x2*x2* x1*x1* At prices (p 1 ’,p 2 ’) the consumer sells units of good 2 to acquire more of good 1.

16. Net Demands x2x2 x1x1 x 2 *=   x 1 *=   At prices (p 1 ”,p 2 ”) the consumer consumes her endowment; net demands are all zero.

17. Net Demands x2x2 x1x1   Price-offer curve contains all the utility-maximizing buy-sell gross demands for which the endowment can be exchanged.

18. Net Demands x2x2 x1x1   Price-offer curve Sell good 1, buy good 2

19. Net Demands x2x2 x1x1   Price-offer curve Buy good 1, sell good 2

20. Labor Supply  A worker is endowed with $m of nonlabor income and R hours of time which can be used for labor or leisure.  = (R,m). u The price of the consumption good is p c. u Let w denote the wage rate.  

21. Labor Supply u The worker’s budget constraint is where C, R denote the worker’s gross demands for the consumption good and for leisure. That is     endowment value expenditure

22. Labor Supply  rearranges to 

23. Labor Supply C R R  endowment   m slope =, the ‘real wage rate’

24. Labor Supply C R R  endowment   m C* R* leisure demanded labor supplied

25. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited u Slutsky explained that changes to demands caused by a price change can always be decomposed into –a pure substitution effect, and –an income effect. u This assumed that income y did not change as prices changed. But does change with price. What does this do to Slutsky’s equation?

26. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited u A change in p 1 or p 2 changes so there will be an additional income effect, called the endowment income effect. u Slutsky’s decomposition will thus have three components –a pure substitution effect –an (ordinary) income effect, and –an endowment income effect.

27. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited x1x1 22 11 x2x2 x2’x2’ x1’x1’ Initial prices are (p 1 ’,p 2 ’).

28. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited x1x1 22 11 x2x2 x2’x2’ x1”x1” x2”x2” Initial prices are (p 1 ’,p 2 ’). Final prices are (p 1 ”,p 2 ”). How is the change in demand from (x 1 ’,x 2 ’) to (x 1 ”,x 2 ”) explained? x1’x1’

29. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited x1x1 22 11 x2x2 Pure substitution effect 

30. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited x1x1 22 11 x2x2 Pure substitution effect  Ordinary income effect 

31. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited x1x1 22 11 x2x2 Pure substitution effect  Ordinary income effect  Endowment income effect 

32. Slutsky’s Equation Revisited Overall change in demand caused by a change in relative price is the sum of: (i) a pure substitution effect (ii) an ordinary income effect (iii) an endowment income effect