1. Short-term Retrieval

2. Terminology What ever is being perceived is the probe. If it has been seen (or heard) earlier within criterion time and context it is a target. Otherwise, it is a distracter.

3. Short-term Recognition Short-term recognition is based on two kinds of information: Perceptual Information (Working Memory) Feeling of recency or novelty Semantic Information (Long-term Memory) Representation of probe matches representation of target

4. Recognition in Working Memory Egeth (1966) and Bamber (1971) presented multi-feature study item Colored shape, 4-letter string immediately followed by probe observer responded same or different

5. Same-different task DFGH DFRH

6. Same-different Results Same judgments were faster than different judgments.

7. Same versus Different RT RT for same judgments is as fast as different judgments for completely different target-probe pairs. Why?

8. Explanation of why Same Judgments are often faster than Different judgments Recency is used to infer that probe is the target (Know judgment). Produces fast Same RT Distracters are only rejected after comparison with target’s representation (Remember judgment). Produces slower Different RT as function of number of differences.

9. Memory Scanning (Part- whole) Recognition Memory set of from 1 to 6 items is presented. Single probe (target or distracter) is presented. Memory set is recalled.

10. Low PI condition Different kinds of study sets: early alphabet, late alphabet, digit, presented on each three successive trials

11. Results of Low PI condition

12. High PI condition Successive trials contain the same kind of memory set: early alphabet, late alphabet, or digit.

13. Results of High PI condition

14. Low versus High PI Recognition An increase in study set size has more effect on recognition in the high PI condition. Recognition RT is a linear function of set size only in the high PI condition. Why?

15. Atkinson-Juola Model Working Memory representations include temporal order information. Stage 1: Check if probe is very familiar, i. e. recent or unfamiliar,i. e., novel (know). If a probe is judged to recent then it is accepted as a target. If a probe is judged to be novel then it is judged to be a distracter. Stage 2: Input is neither recent nor novel (remember): If a probe has intermediate familiarity then study set must be generated probe must be compared with the study set. Since recognition time contains study-set generation time and the study set is generated one item at a time, recognition time is a linear function of study set size.

16. Explanation of Effect of PI on Recognition Time In low-PI condition recency is used as a cue for the target and the study set is not generated (know). In high-PI condition recency is not a cue for the target and so the study set must be generated (remember).