1. Shallow Foundation Settlement

2. Settlement
Immediate Settlement: Occurs immediately after the construction. This is computed using elasticity theory (Important for Granular soil)
Primary Consolidation: Due to gradual dissipation of pore pressure induced by external loading and consequently expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change. (Important for Inorganic clays)
Secondary Consolidation: Occurs at constant effective stress with volume change due to rearrangement of particles. (Important for Organic soils)
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For any of the above mentioned settlement calculations, we first need vertical stress increase in soil mass due to net load applied on the foundation

5. Elastic Settlement

6. Stress Due to a Concentrated Load

7. Stress due to a Circularly Loaded Area

8. Distribution of Stress (from a vertical line load)

10. Stress below a Rectangular Area

11. Stress Influence Chart

12. Approximate methods
2:1 method

13. Approximate methods

14. Average Vertical Stress Increases Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area

15. Average Vertical Stress Increases Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area

16. Average Vertical Stress Increases in a given layer

17. Elastic settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity

18. Elastic Settlement of Rectangular footings

19. Elastic Settlement on Saturated Clay

21. Multi-layer systems

24. Elastic Settlement

25. Elastic Settlement

26. Elastic Settlement

27. Elastic Settlement

28. Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor: [Schmertman Method (1978)]

29. Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor: [Schmertman Method (1978)]

30. Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor: [Schmertman Method (1978)]

31. Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor:
[Schmertman Method (1978)]

32. Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor:
[Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)]

34. Procedure for Schmertman Method (1978)

35. Procedure for Schmertman Method (1978)

36. Procedure for Schmertman Method (1978)

37. Procedure for Schmertman Method (1978)

38. Notes on Schmertmann Method

39. Notes Cont…

40. Notes Cont…

41. Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor: [Schmertman Method (1978)]

50. Primary Consolidation
Expulsion of water from soils accompanied by increase in effective stress and strength
Amount can be reasonably estimated based on lab data, but rate is often poorly estimated

51. Consolidation Settlement
This method makes use of the results of the conventional oedometer test where the consolidation parameters of the soil are measured.
To compute the stress changes within the soil mass. The stress changes are computed using a Boussinesqtype
approach assuming elasticity.
The important parameter for consolidation settlement calculation is the net effective stress change in the soil.
Usually the settlements are calculated for the soil divided into a number of sub-layers and the final total settlement is the sum of individual sub-layer settlements

52. Consolidation Settlement

53. Consolidation Settlement

54. Consolidation Settlement

55. Consolidation Settlement

56. Consolidation Settlement

57. Consolidation Settlement

58. Consolidation Settlement

59. Secondary Consolidation
At the end of primary settlement, settlement may continue to develop due to the plastic deformation (creep) of the soil.
The stage of consolidation is called secondary consolidation.

60. Secondary Compression Index

61. Field Load Test
Ultimate load, allowable load, and settlement can be determined from a
field load test (ASTM D ).
The test plates are either square (12”or 18”) or circular (12” to 30”)

62. Allowable Bearing Capacity for Sandy Soil based on Settlement

63. Allowable Bearing Capacity for Sandy Soil based on Settlement

64. Reliability of Settlement Computations
The predication is quite satisfactorily in
general.
The predication is better for inorganic,
insensitive clays than for others.
The time rate of consolidation settlement
is not well-predicted.