1. Accelerators to push the Envelope Peter McIntyre Texas A&M University

2. Accelerator-Based Cosmology Since 1974, colliders have been the main frontiers for discovery in particle physics: Hadron colliders: Lepton colliders:

3. We must continually re-invent the means for discovery As we complete the reach of each collider, we must improve the technology so that we can increase the energy x2-7, increase the luminosity x4-50, for the same cost as the last collider! This Moore’s Law for accelerators requires new miracles from each generation. Today some have viewed the limits from superconductors and synchrotron radiation to make LHC the last hadron collider; And the limits from expensive structures and wakefields as making ILC the last lepton collider. Good news: fresh miracles are on the way! ? ILC

4. 1) LHC Tripler 25 T dipole field; same tunnel, same detectors; new injector: X3 collision energy; x10 luminosity

5. LHC is a tool for discovery in high energy physics Higgs sector Supersymmetry / Supergravity New gauge couplings The Higgs boson and the spectrum of sparticles should be discovered at LHC, unless… The flood of precise data from astrophysics suggests that the gauge fields of nature may be far more complex than the picture of the Standard Model + Supergravity Can we extend the energy reach for direct discovery of new gauge fields?

6. Hadron colliders are the only tools that can directly discover gauge particles beyond TeV Predicting the energy for discovery is perilous. Example: for a decade after discovery of the b quark, we ‘knew’ there should be a companion t quark. But we couldn’t predict its mass. Predictions over that decade grew (with the limits) 20  40  80  120 GeV 4 colliders were built with top discovery as a goal. Finally top was discovered at Fermilab – 175 GeV! In the search for Higgs and SUSY, will history repeat?

7. Evolution of the gluon spectrum Dutta 2004 Triple the energy – double the mass reach Assumptions: Luminosity grows x3 with adiabatic damping Luminosity needed to produce a given number of particles of mass m (assuming gauge couplings constant) scales with m 2 So twice the mass scale requires 4/3 the luminosity.

8. Discovery of sparticles Ellis et al have calculated the masses of the lightest 2 visible sparticles in minimum supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM), constrained by the new results from astrophysics and cosmology. = observable in WIMP searches (  > 10 -8 pb) X = observable at LHC = only observable at LHC Tripler = constrained by WMAP, , and lab data

9. Higher field requires new superconductor, handling immense stress loads NbTi Nb 3 Sn Bi-2212 Nb 3 Sn Cost today:NbTi$100/kg Nb 3 Sn$1,000/kg Bi-2212$2,000/kg Both Nb 3 Sn and Bi-2212 are brittle!

10. Texas A&M and LBNL are developing 16 T dipoles using Nb 3 Sn First successful 16 T model dipoles in 2004. Both groups are building and testing a succession of short model dipoles to mature the technology. LARP will build a first long Nb 3 Sn quadrupole by 2010. Holik’s thesis

11. New tricks make Nb 3 Sn feasible Stress in Pa for TAMU2 Stress Management Flux plate suppression of multipoles

12. New Nb 3 Sn dipole technology: stress management, flux plate, bladder preload

13. Extend to 24 Tesla: Bi-2212 in inner (high field) windings, Nb 3 Sn in outer (low field) windings Dual dipole (ala LHC) Bore field 24 Tesla Max stress in superconductor 130 MPa Superconductor x-section: Nb 3 Sn 26 cm 2 Bi-2212 47 cm 2 Cable current 25 kA Beam tube dia. 50 mm Beam separation 194 mm

14. Magnet issues Nb 3 Sn windings must be reacted at 650 C in argon for a week to form the superconducting phase. Bi-2212 windings must be reacted at 850 C in oxygen, ~10 minute excursion to partial melt,  T ~2 C How to do both on one coil??? –Wind Bi-2212 inner windings, do heat treat. –Control fast excursion to partial melt using ohmic heating in coil itself and/or modulation of pp O 2. –Then wind Nb 3 Sn outer windings, stress management structure isolates the ventilation of the two regions –React the Nb 3 Sn with Ar purge, hold O 2 purge on Bi-2212. Quench protection – need to investigate microquench stability of Bi-2212, very different quench strategy from that with all-Nb 3 Sn dipoles.

15. Accelerator Issues Synchrotron radiation : power/length critical energy –Use photon stop: Instead of intercepting photons at ~10 K along dipole beam tube, intercept between dipoles on room-temperature finger. –Soft X-rays actually easier to trap that hard UV LHC: E = 7 TeV P = 0.22 W/mE c = 44 eV (hard UV) scatters, desorbs LHC Tripler: E = 20 TeV P = 14 W/mE c = 1.2 keV (soft X-ray) absorbs!

16. Photon Stop Photoemission yields vanish for E > 100 eV Vertical penetration through flux return (coils have clearance) Effect on ~10 -5 cm -2

17. Photon stop swings: clears aperture at injection energy, collects light at collision energy InjectionCollision 150 W/stop collected @ 1 W/cm 2 heat transfer to Liquid Xe (160 K) Same refrigeration power for Tripler as for LHC!

18. Rapid-cycling Injector for LHC For luminosity upgrade of LHC, one option is to replace the SPS/PS with a rapid-cycling superconducting injector chain. 1 TeV in SPS tunnel  1.25 T in 25T hybrid dipole: flux plate is unsaturated, suppression of snap-back multipoles at injection. SuperSPS needs 5 T field, ~10 s cycle time for filling Tripler  > 1 T/s ramp rate A pacing issue for design is AC loss during ramp

19. Block-coil dipole: Cables are oriented vertically: Result: minimum induced current loop, minimum AC losses Again block-coil geometry is optimum! cos  dipole: Cables are oriented azimuthally: Result: maximum induced current loop, maximum AC losses We demonstrated this suppression of AC losses in TAMU2 test!

20. Nb 3 Sn Super-SPS dipole for rapid- cylcing TeV injector to LHC 6 T block-coil suppresses extrinsic losses -flux plate suppresses snap-back Bronze-process fine-filament wire suppresses intrinsic losses - Lowest cost Nb 3 Sn wire Efforts until now have concentrated on NbTi cos  dipoles – misses on both counts. This is an unexpected bonus from high-field magnet development. Liquid He channel

21. Magnets are getting more efficient! NbTi Nb 3 Sn Bi-2212 SuperSPS HD2

22. 2) TeV e + e - linac collider ILC utilizes 1.3 GHz superconducting cavities to accelerate the beams. It takes ~17 km of these structures, all driven to 35 MV/m gradient, to produce a collision energy of 500 GeV. The cavities must be driven ~1% of the time to provide adequate luminosity – a huge operating cost for electricity and for cryogenics.

23. Pacing challenges for cost/performance The linac cavities and associated cryogenics dominate the capital cost. –How to attain pristine surfaces on inside when you can’t reach them after each cavity string is welded? –Can we push gradient to reduce length? –Each module must be immersed in superfluid He. –Lorentz detuning requires that every cavity be deformed in a feed-forward control to keep it on resonance. The on-time of cavities dominates the operating cost. –The bunch spacing is limited by long-range wake fields. –How to kill deflecting modes so bunches could be closer?

24. circumferencial electron beam welds TESLA superconducting cavities are made by forming Nb foil, then e-beam welding, then cleaning inside the 9-cell string. Welds alter grain structure, affects I max @ waist, E max at neck. Difficult to clean, QC inside 9-cell module. ILC needs 17,000 9-cell modules! Q a ~ 10 10 G a ~ 35 MV/m Cost and performance are driven by the technology of the superconducting cavities

25. If a cavity string has transverse misalignment, each bunch drives dipole modes which are resonant with Q d ~ Q a. Higher-order mode (HOM) couplers are used to extract the HOM fields from each module to a termination, spoiling Q d to reduce wake fields on following bunches. Transverse wake fields cause emittance growth, instabilities

26. Suppose the same 9-cell module is assembled from polyhedral slices Accelerating mode: Current flows in r/z, Q a unaffected by normal slits. Deflecting modes: Current flows in , Q d spoiled by normal slits. normal joints  sheet currents r-z sheet currents

27. Each segment is fabricated, cleaned, polished, QC before assembly a) flat s.c. strip b) copper bar drilled with cooling channels f) weld seams, HIP to bondg) EDM cut to 30 o wedge d) EDM cut contour c) bend to contour e) fit s.c. foil to Cu weld seams on outside  simple assembly/ alignment cooling channels  no pool-boiling cryostat

28. at joints between hedra  reduced to half-value at distance 0.6 mm from joint. Joint is shielded against breakdown from micro-irregularities.

29. Numerical modeling of accelerating mode Q a = 0.8 10 10, slot aperture is tapered so that fields damp exponentially into slot.

30. Numerical modeling of deflecting mode Unloaded Q d = 10 5. Couple mode fields through slot into dielectric-loaded cylindrical waveguide, out to room-temp load 10 5 lower Q d  300 x lower wake fields  bunches closer, less drive power  less emittance growth, higher luminosity

31. Assemble the polyhedron on an alignment fixture, E-beam weld on outside Cu seams. weld seams on outside cooling channels No potential for damage to Nb surfaces. Cu provides accessible reference for alignment in cryostat, interconnection. He refrigeration is provided by closed-circuit flow in cooling channels – No pool cryostat! Cu provides rigid structure - No Lorentz detuning!

32. Polyhedral cavity opens the way for advanced rf superconductors Gurevic proposed a heterostructure of thin films (< penetration depth ) of Type II superconductor (NbN) and insulator (Nb 2 O 5 ) to triple the surface fields compared to pure Nb:. Nb --- 3 Sn (S) and insulator, e.g. Nb 2 O 5 (I) If film thickness is comparable to (65 nm), each Type II layer conducts sheet current to its limit then passes the rest to the next layer (Analagous to multi-layer magnetic shield).. - The potential: twice the gradient, same power/length Pogue’s thesis

33. So what might the future hold? Hadron collider: LHC tripler in same tunnel –40 TeV collision energy, 10 35 cm -2 s -1 luminosity Lepton collider: Doubler with same length, Quadrupler with same r.f. power –2 TeV collision energy 80 MV/m, 100 ns bunch spacing, 35 km length And from there? –I have a tunnel to sell you: 54 km circumference, 25 T bend field,  s = 160 TeV And there is a renewed effort towards a multi-TeV Muon collider (Cline)

34. LHC x 3 ILC x 4  Texatron We can continue to invent miracles to push the bounds for discovery if we have the guts and imagination.

35. All of this could happen, or None of this could happen The core technologies are sound, but the device technology must be developed, proven, and industrialized and the accelerator physics to use it. That takes a decade if the effort is supported as a priority. Present focus on near-term R&D for today’s machines marginalizes support for the AARD. The Marx Panel endorsed the need and opportunity. It will only happen if the HEP community (you!) demand it and support its priority to the agencies and laboratories.