1. 1 Multi-Attribute Risk Assessment Shawn A. Butler Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University 16 October 2002

2. 2 Advantages of Multi-Attribute Risk Assessments Provides a systematic and repeatable method for evaluating risks Helps organizations identify and prioritize security requirements Makes explicit expectations about attack consequences Provides insights into the affect of uncertainty

3. 3 Some Terminology Threats - events, which could lead to an information system compromise. (Examples: denial of service attacks, procedural violations, IP spoofing, etc.) Attacks -An attack (a) is an instance of a threat that results in an information system compromise. that has an outcome (O a ) Outcome - one or more consequences (X j ). Consequence – Damage (x j )from a successful attack (Examples: lost productivity, lost revenue, damaged public image, lost lives)

4. 4 (Threat) Denial of Service (Outcomes) X 1 X 2 X 3 Lost Productivity Lost Revenue Damaged Public Image a 1 3 hours $0none a 2 40 hours$20,000moderate a 3 10 hours $500slight Attacks(Consequence Values (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) Outcome

5. 5 Security Architecture Development Process Risk Assessment Outcomes Threats Prioritized Risks Select Countermeasures System Design Policies Requirements Available Countermeasures Security Components Develop Security Architecture Security Architecture Development Process

6. 6 Multi-attribute Risk Assessment Process Threat Definition Threat Definition Threats Outcomes Org Threats Most Likely Outcomes Expected Frequency of Attack S.M. Best Est. Security Manager Questions Additive Model Risks Prioritized Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Compute Threat Indexes Compute Threat Indexes Estimate Outcome Values Estimate Outcome Values

7. 7 The Additive Model Check additivity assumptions to see if the additive form is valid Assess the single-attribute value functions v 1, v 2, …, v n Assess the weighting factors w 1, w 2, …, w n Compute the value of each alternative and rank alternatives Conduct sensitivity analysis to see how sensitive the ranking is to model assumptions TI a = Freq a * (  j=attributes w j * v j (x aj ))

8. 8 Independence Assumptions Tradeoffs between two consequence values — holding all other consequence values fixed — do not depend on where we hold the other attributes fixed

9. 9 Assess Single Consequence Value Function LinearConcaveConvex v j (x aj ) 0 1 0 1 0 1 xj*xj* xj*xj* xj*xj*

10. 10 Weight the Consequences wjwj Outcome Attribute Rank Assessed Preference Weight (w j ) Lost Productivity 1100.42 Public Reputation 280.33 Regulatory Penalties 340.17 Lost Revenue 420.08

11. 11

12. 12 Compute Value and Rank Alternatives Outcome Consequences Lost Revenue Reputation Lost Productivity Reg. Penalt. TI Threatsfreq/yr w =.08w =.33w =.42w =.17 Procedural Violation 4,380$2.00021.252hrs.008300376.69 Theft 24$182.01522.51hrs.00422.676.75 Virus 912$00003hrs.01250080.03

13. 13 Developing Requirements System Scanning Host-Based IDS Vulnerability Assessment Scanners Penetration Testing Tools Network Based IDS Network Monitoring Tools Hardened OS Virus Hardened OS Electronic Signature Host-Based IDS Anti-virus software Mobile Code Scanners ThreatSecurity Technologies

14. 14 Threat Indexes as a Percentage of Total Threat Index

15. 15 OrderSAEM’s Top ThreatsSecurity Manager’s 1Procedural ViolationPersonal Computer Abuse 2VirusTheft 3Personal Computer AbuseVirus Threats Expected Frequency Public Image Lost Productivity Customer Relationships Procedural Violation 360,000/yrNone$100None Virus26,000/yrMild$4,000 Moderately Mild Personal Computer Abuse 2,000/yrMild$250None

16. 16 Case Study Results Commercial-CaseHospital-Case Outcomes Damaged Public Image Patient Care Damaged Customer Relationships Damaged Public Image Lost Revenue Physician Perceptions Threats2715 Initial Correlation Coefficient.19.53 Final Correlation Coefficient.86.81 Refinements Adjusted both inputs and initial ranking Adjusted inputs Top Threats Viruses Alterations Viruses Compromising Emanations

17. 17 Conclusions Multi-attribute Risk Assessments provide insight during risk assessment process Multi-attribute Risk Assessments can help security manager’s prioritize risks, which leads to prioritized requirements Inexperienced security managers will be able to benefit from information collected from other organizations