1. Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s research provided the groundwork for our understanding of inheritance of traits.

2. Real World Genetics MOST traits are not inherited in such a simple manner as shown by Mendel. For example: – Many traits are controlled by more than one gene – Many alleles are neither completely recessive nor dominant We now know a gene is actually a small section of a DNA molecule.

3. Exceptions to Mendel Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles for a Trait Multiple Genes for a Trait Jackalope = cross between a jack rabbit and an antelope

4. Exceptions to Mendel Incomplete dominance/Co-dominance – neither allele is dominant. Neither allele is recessive – For example: Red + White sometimes makes …

5. Incomplete Dominance/ Co-Dominance Genetics of four-o-clock flowers: – R = red allele – W = white allele RR = red flower, WW = white flower, RW = pink flower

6. Incomplete Dominance Draw a Punnett Square showing a cross between a red flowering four o’clock and a white flowering four o’clock. What are the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring?

7. Incomplete Dominance Phenotype: All of the offspring are pink Genotype: All of the offspring are RW Draw a Punnett Square showing a cross between two pink flowering four o’clock. What are the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring?

8. Incomplete Dominance Have the traits for red and white (R and W) disappeared? Now show a cross between a pink and white flower. R W R WR W RR RW RW WW

9. Incomplete Dominance What are the genotypes of the cross? What is the phenotype ratio? 1 pink: 1 white R W W WW W RWWW RW WW

10. Incomplete Dominance Each allele in the example provides instructions to a cell for making an enzyme. The R allele produces an enzyme necessary for the production of red pigment. The W allele produces an enzyme necessary for the production of white pigment. Both alleles are active in incomplete dominance.

11. Multiple alleles for one trait More than two alleles exist for a trait-- however, each individual still only has two alleles.

12. Multiple alleles for one trait Example: Hair Color 1.Some alleles, such as brown-ebony, produce that make a large quantity of the brown pigment. 2.Some alleles, such as brown-Swedish-blonde, produce enzymes that make only a small amount of the brown pigment. 3.In hair color, alleles with more activity are dominant to alleles with less activity. More activity —› more pigment —› hair color phenotype. http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/lessons/Genetics/RealColors.html

13. Multiple Alleles for a Trait Example: Human Blood Groups – Before the 1900’s people thought all blood was the same. Fatalities resulted from Transfusions of animal blood into humans! Transfusions of some human blood to other humans

14. Multiple Alleles for a Trait It was then discovered there are different types of red blood cells. Each type contains a different antigen. Antigen = a substance (a protein or sugar) that triggers the production of antibodies. Antibodies are part of the body’s defense for fighting off infection

15. Multiple Alleles for a Trait Human Blood Groups – Three alleles A = contains one type of antigen B = contains a different type of antigen O = does not contain an antigen

16. Multiple Alleles for a Trait What are all of the possible genotypes using these three alleles (A, B, O)? (Hint: Remember each person inherits two alleles for a trait!!) AAAOBBBOABOO

17. Multiple Alleles – Blood Types Genotypes Phenotypes AA Blood Type A AO Blood Type A BB Blood Type B BO Blood Type B AB Blood Type AB OO Blood Type O

18. Multiple Alleles – Blood Types Which blood type shows codominance? _________ Which blood type is the universal donor? _________ Which blood type is the universal recipient? _________ AB O

19. Multiple Alleles – Blood Types Blood types in the United States are more or less common based on race and ethnicity. However, Type O is most common among all groups and Type AB is least common.

20. Multiple Alleles – Blood Types Complete Reading on Blood Types Discuss articles with your group Answer questions

21. Exceptions to Mendel Multiple genes for a single trait: – Example: height. Height is made up of the length of different sections of your body added together. Each section is controlled by a different gene. – Example: Eye color in humans. Controlled by interactions of at least 3 different genes.

22. Multiple Genes for a Single Trait Skin color: – Scientists now believe that 3 genes control skin color. – You get 3 alleles from your mother and 3 alleles from your father for 6 alleles. – If all 6 of the alleles are for dark skin, you will have the darkest possible skin. – If you have 5 dark alleles and one light, you will have very dark skin. – If you have all 6 light alleles then you will have the lightest skin possible. – http://www.dep.anl.gov/

23. Exceptions to Mendel Complete Worksheets in Groups