1. In Vitro Screening

2. "The right to search for truth implies also a duty; one must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true." Albert Einstein, 1879-1955

4. Definition: Selection vs Screening Selection: 1.The process by which some individuals come to contribute more offspring than others to form the next generation through intrinsic difference in survival and fertility or the choice of parent by the breeder 2.The process determining the relative share allotted individuals of different genotype in the propagation of a population 3.The process by which certain organisms multiply while other are less suited surrounding and die out

5. Definition: Selection vs Screening Screening: 1.An investigation of a large number of organisms for the presence of a particular property 2.Use of a screen 3.Examining the properties, performance response of individuals, lines, genotypes or other taxa under an assortment of condition in order to evaluate the individuals or groups

6. Selection 1.The central step of the breeding process 2.The success depends on the ease and speed with which the superior plant within a segregating population can be identified 3.In classical breeding, selection is carried out on huge populations normally in the fields 4.Field selections are strongly influenced by environmental condition 5.There are uncertain and lengthy, especially in the case of breeding for quantitative characteristics with a polygenic background

7. Selection methods The most common breeding procedure was mass-selection which in turn was subdivided into negative and positive  Negative selection The most primitive and least widely used method which can lead to improvement only in exceptional cases implies culling out of all poorly developed and less productive individuals in a population whose productivity is to be genetically improved The remaining best individuals are propagated as much as necessary  Positive selection Only individuals with characters satisfying the breeders are selected from population to be used as parents of the next generation seed from selected individuals are mixed, then progenies are grown together

8. Production and Use of Variability 1.Conventional breeding Combination Breeding (Cross Breeding) Mutation Breeding Chromosome transfer (wide hybridization ) 2. Modern breeding Cell fusion Soma-clonal Variation Gene transfer

9. Selection 1. On the whole plant Field trials Green-house trials Laboratory trials (in vitro selection) 2. On the simple genome (in vitro selection) Haploid selection Single cell selection DNA probes

10. The Advantage of In-vitro Selection 1. Freedom from the effect of climate and natural environment, which make it easier to measure slight difference in polygenic inherited traits horizontal or general disease resistance 2.The ability to handle large numbers of individuals in a very small space 3.The ability to work with the simpler genome of which allows the uncovering of recessive traits and additive characters within a relatively small population

11. Target of Invitro Selection Whole plant (Seed/embryo) Organ Tissue Single Cells DNA 1. Seedlings of a culture filtrate from Leptosphaeria masculans (disease resistance) 2. Rice seedlings of salt enrichment media (Mineral tolerance) 1. Leaf segment of young barley with standardized spore of powdery mildew (disease resiantance) 2. Petiole culture of sugarbeet on salt enrichment media (mineral tolerance) 1.Selection of somaclonal variation (disease resistance, environmental tolerance) 2.Selection using a selective agent (disease resistance, salt tolerance, metals tolerance, temperature stress tolarence, herbicide tolerance) 1. Selection for biotic stress resistance 2. Selection for a-biotic stress tolerance (cold, heavy metals, herbicide) 1.Quantitative trait loci 2.Marker assisted Selection 3.Marker assisted backcrossing

12. It would emphasize here the necessity of growing all in vitro selected plants in the field Very often a powerful in vitro tolerance does not show up at the whole plant level under field condition