1. E4014 Construction Surveying Route Location Surveys Reconnaissance Survey Investigation Survey Working Survey Construction Survey

2. Reconnaissance Survey Gather sufficient information to select one or more bands of country for the possible route Assemble basic information –Topographic maps –Cadastral maps / GIS –Aerial photos –Orthophotos

3. Reconnaissance Survey Evaluate –General topography –Geology –Meteorological statistics –Flood records –Unsuitable terrain –Land use and ownership / Local Authority’s GIS –Existing services –Existing communications

4. Reconnaissance Survey Field reconnaissance to confirm assembled data Choose possible routes NOTIFY RELEVANT AUTHORITIES

5. Investigation Survey Collect sufficient information to design the horizontal and vertical alignment and thus: –Likely earthwork quantities –Intersection details –Bridge and culvert sites –Stream diversions –Land resumptions –Water catchments –Flood levels –Road building material –Total cost

6. Investigation Survey Survey methodology –Place traverse stations along proposed route –Establish basic horizontal and vertical control –Preferably MGA coordinates (plane) and AHD heights –Control traverse between traverse stations for horizontal coordinates –Spirit level vertical control (if necessary)

7. Investigation Survey Survey methodology, cont –Create a DTM either by cross sections or point pickup level & staff total station GPS –200m band (100m ether side of proposed centreline) or as requested

8. Investigation Survey Survey methodology, cont –include railway / tramway road and bridge details culverts overhead cables, transmission lines, heights underground services cadastral boundaries and fences property improvements geological features and soil types vegetation watercourses and swamps

9. Investigation Survey Survey methodology, cont –Accuracy Horizontal1 : 5000 Vertical(  0.012  K) metres –where K is the distance levelled in kilometres

10. Investigation Survey Survey methodology, cont –Catchment Areas Necessary for bridge and culvert design Aerial photos Compass and clinometer traverses

11. Investigation Survey Survey methodology, cont –Aerial Surveys May be utilised in lieu of other methods Photographed data becomes a reasonably permanent record, unbiased and complete Heights are not necessarily accurate

12. Working Survey A working survey must provide data of sufficient accuracy and extent for the satisfactory detailed design of the road and the later setting-out for construction.

13. Working Survey Survey Marks –Pegs (75mm * 50mm) are placed along the centre line (straight and curves) at 20 / 50 metre intervals –Offsets (75mm * 50mm pegs, short star pickets driven flush) placed left and right of centre line 200 metre intervals beginning, centre and end of curves –level and check level all centre line and offset pegs

14. Working Survey Survey Marks, cont –establish benchmarks at 1km intervals at bridge and culvert sites

15. Working Survey DTM is established at the following widths –Secondary roads15 metres left and right –Main roads25 metres left and right –Developmental roads and highways 30 metres left and right

16. Working Survey Detail (horizontal and vertical) –located within 100 metres of the centre line –All public and private improvements –Existing road and rail formations –Drainage –Underground and overhead services

17. Working Survey Bridge and culvert sites –Require sufficient information to plot 0.25 metre contours for 100 metres up and down stream of the centre line –Grid may be used Lines parallel and at 3 metres intervals from the centre line Each line is levelled from high bank to high bank Any intermediate section where the profile changes is also levelled –Bed levels for 500 metres up and down stream –Sections taken at the end and at any profile changes

18. Working Survey Watershed traverses –as per Investigation Survey Working drawings –Plan –Long-section –Cross-sections

19. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY urban equivalent to the Working Survey route is pre-determined by the presence of existing road reserves general survey requirements are the same as for Working Surveys density of detail is such that the procedures of observation and recording may have to be varied

20. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Separate field and level books should be used –Detail Files / Field Notes (i)Main centreline pegging and adjacent detail (ii)Subsidiary centreline pegging and detail (iii)Fence traverses to locate dividing fences and property improvements (iv)Side street centreline traverses

21. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Separate field and level books should be used –Level Notes (i)Main centreline levels and normal cross section (ii)Subsidiary centreline levels (iii)Check levels (iv)Drainage levels, both underground and surface (v)Subsidiary levels - accesses (vi)Side street levels and cross-sections (vii)Side street check levels

22. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY With respect to field books, cross referencing of information and explanations of abbreviations used require utmost care and attention same code table used by all surveyors planning with the aid of maps should ensure that no area remains unsurveyed

23. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Centre Line –unable to safely mark the centreline of roads already carrying high loads of traffic –centreline pegged along one footpath parallel to road centreline where possible –subsidiary line along opposite footpath, if necessary –offset pegs placed in "safe positions" eg against fences

24. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Centre Line, cont –fences –detail may be located chainage & offset as well as radiations –houses, dividing fences, points of vehicular access, etc. may be located by "chainage & offset" along previously located fence lines

25. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Cross Sections –based on main centre line –normally extend 5 metres into adjacent properties –if resumptions are anticipated then cross sections may have to be extended –be aware of abrupt changes in level between footpath and adjacent properties –must illustrate the true cross section shape of the road (ie crown, changes of cross fall, edges, channel lips, channels, kerbs and footpath)

26. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Subsidiary Cross Sections –required at all vehicular accesses to adjacent properties –extend 5 metres into adjacent property

27. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Drainage Detail –both open and underground –underground position and level of manhole or pit size and direction of all pipes, leading in and out invert levels on all pipes

28. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY Drainage Detail, cont –open drainage channels and natural watercourses as per culverts sites in Working Survey –watershed difficult to determine in urban situation attention must be paid to the position and direction of flow in stormwater pipes near the natural watershed boundary

29. CONSTRUCTION SURVEY side streets –extend minimum of 50 metres