1. Pre-Colonial Africa and the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

2.  Ghana was replaced by Mali  Mali had outgrown itself and the lucrative gold trade had fallen in the hands of the city-state of Gao  Gao was to become the state of Songhay (Songhai Empire).

5.  Embarked and raids and consolidated the Songhai Empire  Built around great cities at Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne

7.  Similar to India after the Mauryans. The region fell into chaos and regionalism that led to smaller groups emerging.  Destroyed in 1591 by the advancing Moroccon armies with their gunfire.

8.  Ghana, Mali, and the Songhay state had all relied on the control of the gold trade to power their state.  After the Songhay and the emergence of European traders this was no longer possible.

9.  Kilwa had been one of the busiest cities states on the East coast. Like other trade based states, this state fell into decline as Europeans arrived and took control of commerce.  Vasco De Gama arrived in the 15 th century and sacked the city.

10.  Kongo had a centralized state with a formidable judiciary, military, and financial structure. Capital at Mbanza  Kongolese kings realized the preeminence of the Portuguese and converted to Christianity and grew dependent on the Europeans.

11.  Kongo grew dependent on European goods.  Needed textiles, weapons, advisors, and artisans.  Portuguese initially sought ivory, and copper…but then Slaves.  King Afonso document:

12.  Led by Queen Nzinga the Ndongo (Angola) resisted Porguese control. They formed alliances and drew influence from Nzinga.

13.  Allied with Dutch to drive out the Portuguese.  After her death the resistance which had been considerable, was no match for the Portuguese.

14.  Had been dominated by the Great Zimbabwe, a fabulous walled kingdom that controlled plains of the South.  Europeans disrupted this state under the Dutch.  The Dutch guns drove the Khoikhoi out and allowed them to subdue them to slave labor.