1. Critical Content and Literature Victor Rey Fumar
Grade 10 National Training of Trainers for the Luzon Cluster
Teachers’ Camp, Baguio City
April 25, 2015

2. Critical Content and Literature
HOW AND TO WHAT EXTENT
literary pieces are used to teach English
the lessons develop communicative competence
the reading selections help the learners achieve literary competence

3. Literary Competence
Jonathan Culler defines literary competence as the ability to internalize the ‘grammar’ of literature which would permit a reader to convert linguistic sequences into literary structures and meaning.

4. The Teaching of Literature
The writers and their milieu
The genre
The cultural implications
Intertextuality

5. Daedalus and Icarus The Labors of Theseus
Mythic history of Athens and Crete
Aegean Sea - Aegeus
The Labors of Theseus
Minoan civilization
Knossos excavations – Sir Arthur Evans
Atlantis – “the lost continent”

6. Daedalus and Icarus
Forbidden themes Abduction and rape – Zeus and Europa Bestiality – Pasiphae and the bull Cruelty – the Minotaur eating humans Suicide – Aegeus Envy and murder – Daedalus killing his nephew

7. Daedalus and Icarus W.H. Auden’s poem “Musee Des Beaux Arts”
Intertextuality
Peiter Brueghel’s painting, “The Fall of Icarus”
W.H. Auden’s poem “Musee Des Beaux Arts”
William Carlos William’s poem, “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”
the movie, “I, for Icarus”

9. MUSEE DES BEAUX ARTS by W. H. Auden
About suffering they were never wrong, The Old Masters: how well they understood Its human position; how it takes place While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along; How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting For the miraculous birth, there always must be Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating On a pond at the edge of the wood:

10. They never forgot That even the dreadful martyrdom must run its course Anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse Scratches its innocent behind on a tree.

11. In Brueghel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away Quite leisurely from the disaster; the plowman may Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry, But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

12. LANDSCAPE WITH THE FALL OF ICARUS by William Carlos Williams
According to Brueghel when Icarus fell it was spring a farmer was ploughing his field the whole pageantry of the year was awake tingling near

13. the edge of the sea concerned with itself sweating in the sun that melted the wings' wax unsignificantly off the coast there was a splash quite unnoticed it was Icarus drowning.

14. The Gorgon’s Head Death, disaster, and destiny The Rule of three
The Oracle at Delphi
Death, disaster, and destiny
The Rule of three
3 Gorgons: Stheno, Euryale, Medusa
3 Gray Ones
3 magical objects

15. The Gorgon’s Head Situational irony -Bronze chamber prison
-Death by discuss throw
Forbidden themes
- Incest
- Irreverence
- Rape

16. The Gorgon’s Head Intertextuality -Percy Jackson series -Valentina
-Perseus and Andromeda constellations
-Pegasus

17. Orpheus
The Hero Myth
a man who had a god or goddess as a parent or who lived when such people existed
Characteristics of the heroic view of life
The hero knows that he has superior qualities, and he uses them to win the praise of others.
The hero makes the most of his extraordinary talents in order to surpass other men.

18. Orpheus 4. A personal sense of honor is most important for the hero.
3. The hero seeks dangerous tasks because by accomplishing them he shows his superior qualities.
4. A personal sense of honor is most important for the hero.
5. Fame and good reputation are the rewards of honor and are avidly sought by the hero.
6. The hero is conscious of his own mortality; he is keenly aware that death removes all opportunity for obtaining greater fame.

19. Orpheus
Orphism
A philosophic-religious cult whose devotees believed in reincarnation. After death, one’s spirit drank of the River Lethe, forgot its previous existence, and entered life again, until, after three successive lives of virtue, one gained Elysium, a place of perfect happiness. An evil life resulted in prolonging the cycle of human existence and in delaying entrance into Elysium.

20. Orpheus Intertextuality
The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Joseph Campbell)
The Myth of Sisyphus (Albert Camus)
Equus, a play

21. Arachne
Athena
Goddess of Wisdom – cleverness and cunning which she admired. Combined with courage.
She would often assist heroes in their tasks when she found that they possessed such qualities: Perseus, Bellerophon, Heracles, Cadmus, and Jason.

22. Arachne
Word Etymology
God versus mortals
Woman versus woman

23. How Odin Lost His Eye A Way of Seeing the World
- Sense and sense impressions
The Power of the Gaze
- Stargazers, seers
- Perspectives and predictions
- Media

24. How Odin Lost His Eye Intertextuality - Thor, movie sequels
- The Bluest Eye (Toni Morisson)
- The Cyclops
- Oedipus Rex

25. The Koran
The Islamic holy book, the Koran, contains the revelations that came to Mohammed during his life as a prophet. Islam emerged as a world religion in 622 known as the Hegira. The chapters in the Koran are short lyric defining the power of Allah and demanding the obedience of mortals. The Koran gradually widened in scope and included the duty of the faithful.

26. The Koran Holy epithets
- Similar to stock epithets: “the Compassionate, the Merciful”
Poetic devices
- Anaphora
- Refrains

27. The Analects
The Analects are bits of wisdom, epigrams, and talks by Confucius.
The Analects instructs on moderation in all things through moral education.

28. The Analects Intertextuality - Tao Te Ching - The Dhamaphada
- Urbana at Feliza

29. Inferno – Canto II The graphic representations of
-Purgatory, Hell, Heaven
The elaborate symbols and meanings
- Birth, death, and resurrection
- Sin, penance, salvation
- Mortals, spirits, divine

30. The Song of Roland Feudalism and the Medieval Period
-The Rise of the Moors
-The Crusades
-The Age of Chivalry

31. The Song of Roland Intertextuality - El Cid - The metrical tales
- Arthurian legends
- First Knight, the movie

32. Francesco Petrarcha Humanism and the Renaissance Period
Petrarchan Sonnet
- rhyme scheme
- meter
- structure
Formal Verses
- English sonnets
- Villanelle

33. Francesco Petrarcha Intertextuality - Florante at Laura
- Sonnets from the Portuguese (Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
- Florante at Laura
- Holy Sonnets (John Donne)

34. The Decameron The Bubonic Plaque or Black Death
Falconry and the Aristocracy
Literary devices
- Irony of situation
- Dramatic irony
- The frame story

35. The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Cruelty and torture through the ages Discrimination of PWDs Injustice and the death penalty Class antagonisms Love against all odds

36. The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Intertextuality
-The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-Human rights violations in the Philippines
-The Flor Contemplacion case

37. The Three Musketeers

38. The Three Musketeers Intertextuality Fraternities and sororities
Gangs and syndicates
The military establishment

39. The Three Musketeers
Adaptations
The Young Blades television series is a sequel to the novels, centered on the son of d'Artagnan; similarly, Albert the Fifth Musketeer is an animated sequel. Three Musketeers is an anime series adaption, while The Three Musketeers was an animated adaption that aired as part of Hanna-Barbera's The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour & The Banana Splits & Friends show.

40. The Three Musketeers
The Three Musketeers was adapted as a serial by the BBC in 1954 and The Musketeers, a 2014 series by Adrian Hodges, is another BBC adaptation. Publisher Albert Lewis Kanter (1897–1973), created Classic Comics for Elliot Publishing Company in 1941 with its debut issues being The Three Musketeers. The Three Mouseketeers was the title of two separate series produced by DC Comics; the first series was a loose parody of The Three Musketeers.

41. The Three Musketeers
In 1939, American author Tiffany Thayer published a book entitled Three Musketeers(Thayer, 1939). This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer's words, true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original. The Khaavren Romances by Steven Brust are fantasy (or science-fiction) novels heavily influenced by The Three Musketeers and its sequels; the characters and social background are closer to Dumas's than the plots.

42. The Three Musketeers
In 2010, Anuman Interactive launched The Three Musketeers, a hidden object game on PC and MAC. Players follow d'Artagnan in his quest to become a king's musketeer.

43. The Plague Symbols and their meanings
The absurdity and meaninglessness of human existence
Hope over despair
Existentialism

44. The Plague Intertextuality - Tragedies and disasters
- Natural calamities
- Yolanda aftermath

45. A Day in the Country by Anton Chechov
His numerous stories and plays gave him a commanding position in literary Russia. He gave a poignant illumination to such human experiences as loneliness, grief, hunger, and misery.
H He received a medical degree at the University of Moscow in 1884, but he soon neglected his medical practice in order to write. His numerous stories and plays gave him a commanding position in literary Russia. He gave a poignant illumination to such human experiences as loneliness, grief, hunger, and misery. e received a medical degree at the University of Moscow in 1884, but he soon neglected his medical practice in order to write. His numerous stories and plays gave him a commanding position in literary Russia. He gave a poignant illumination to such human experiences as loneliness, grief, hunger, and misery. Among Hrecei a medical degree at the University of Moscow in 1884, but he soon neglected his medical practice in order to write. His numerous stories and plays gave him a commanding position in literary Russia. He gave a poignant illumination to such human experiences as loneliness, grief, hunger, and misery. Among

46. Song of Autumn Sound devices Imagery -alliteration -onomatopoeia
-assonance
Imagery
-sense impressions

47. 15 Songs about Autumn
1. Wake Me Up When September Ends  Green Day 2. Gone Till November  Wyclef Jean 3. Girl from the North Country  Bob Dylan & Johnny Cash 4. October  Broken Bells 5. California Dreamin'  The Mamas & The Papas 6. Harvest Moon  Neil Young 7. Autumn In New York Bille Holiday 8. Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground  The White Stripes

48. 15 Songs about Autumn
9. Autumn  Bombay Bicycle Club 10. Country Song  Jake Bugg 11. Autumn Almanac  The Kinks 12. Grand Theft Autumn/Where Is Your Boy  Fall Out Boy 13. Autumn Leaves (ft. Kendrick Lamar) Chris Brown 14. Blood On The Leaves  Kanye West 15. November Rain  Guns N' Roses

49. A Grain as Big as a Hen’s Egg
Regarded as the greatest 19th century Russian writer, he is remembered most for his novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina and for his short stories that probed human nature and its strengths and weaknesses.

50. The Little Prince

51. The Little Prince
1. Do what makes you happy because your heart knows best. 2. Never lose that childish ability to see what’s really important in life. 3. All you need is to truly love one thing to be filled with love for everything. 4. The grass always seems greener elsewhere, so remember that’s just an illusion and be happy where you are.

52. The Little Prince
5. You’ll travel the most by going off the beaten path and taking twists and turns. 6. Stay humble. 7. Before you criticize others, reflect upon your own actions. 8. Break out of endless self-destructive cycles. 9. While you’re building your career, don’t forget to enjoy life.

53. The Little Prince
10. Don’t just be a geographer; be an explorer. 11. Take the time out to get to know people and then work to maintain those relationships. 12. You’re never really alone when you feel alone because everyone feels the same way.

54. The Little Prince
13. You are always obligated to the people who you have allowed to love you. 14. Sometimes, a silent look or a hug is enough. 15. There are so many wonderful things out there in your future. You can’t see them yet, but they’re there.

55. Kaffir Boy
“Education will open doors where none seem to exist.”

56. Kaffir Boy
Kaffir Boy has been banned in a number of schools, one of these being Cedar Crest High School, where the ban made headlines. The bans are due to a controversial scene involving child prostitution and sodomy, which some have referred to as “pornography,” sparking another headline defending the scene. 

57. Kaffir Boy
While Mathabane wrote an article for the Washington Post stating that he would prefer it to be banned completely to being revised or censored, Mathabane has since authorized a revised version for use in such schools. The unrevised book is still used as high school reading material regardless of the controversial scenes.

58. Kaffir Boy
The book Kaffir Boy has won the prestigious Christopher Award for inspiring hope. The book reached number one on theWashington Post Bestseller’s List and number three on the New York Times Bestseller’s List. It has also been chosen by theAmerican Library Association for inclusion on the list of “Outstanding Books for the College-Bound and Life-Long Learners.” 

59. Kaffir Boy Intertextuality
- The Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela
- Cry the Beloved, Allan Paton
-Censorship

60. The United Fruit Company
Anti-imperialist stance
of the poet
Latin American history
His controversial death

61. The United Fruit Company
He drew the inspiration for some of his best poems from objects that others hardly notice. Much of Neruda’s later work expresses political sentiments. In 1971 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature.

62. The United Fruit Company
Intertextuality
The poems of Gabriela Mistral
The House of the Spirits, Isabel Allende
One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel Garcia Marquez
The end of the US embargo against Cuba

63. Rethinking the Goals of Teaching Literature
Develop and/or extend literary competence.
Develop and/or enhance learners’ imagination and creativity.
Develop students’ character and emotional maturity.

64. Rethinking the Goals of Teaching Literature
4. Develop creative thinking. 5. Develop literary appreciation and refine one’s reading taste.

65. THANK YOU
AND
HAPPY TEACHING!