1. ER- Relational Mapping (Based on Chapter 7 in Fundamentals of Database Systems by Elmasri and Navathe, Ed. 4)

2. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model2 Content zRelational Database Design Using ER-to- Relational Mapping yER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm ySummary of Mapping for Model Constructs and Constraints

3. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model3 ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm zSTEP 1Strong Entity Types zSTEP 2Weak Entity Types zSTEP 3Binary 1 to 1 Relationship Types zSTEP 4Binary 1 to N Relationship Types zSTEP 5Binary M to N Relationship Types zSTEP 6Multivalued Attributes zSTEP 7n-ary Relationship Types

4. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model4 STEP 1 Strong Entity Types Mapping zFor each regular (strong) entity type E in the ER schema, create a relation R that includes all the simple attributes. zInclude only the simple component attributes of a composite attribute.

5. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model5 STEP 1 Continued zChoose one of key attributes of E as primary key of R. zIf the chosen key of E is composite, the set of simple attributes that form it will together form the primary key of R.

6. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model6 Entity Types Mapping ET B B A BA B

7. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model7 Composite Attributes Mapping ET BADE C E D A B

8. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model8 STEP 2 Weak Entity Types Mapping zFor each weak entity type W in the ER schema with owner entity type E, ycreate a relation R, and yinclude all simple attributes (simple component of composite attributes) of W as attributes of R.

9. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model9 STEP 2 Continued zIn addition, include as foreign key attributes of R the primary key attribute(s) of the owner entity type(s); zThis takes care of the identifying relationship type of W.

10. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model10 STEP 2 Continued zThe primary key of R is the combination of the primary key(s) of the owner(s) and the partial key of the weak entity type W, if any.

11. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model11 STEP 2 Continued zIt is common to choose the propagate (CASCADE) option for the referential triggered action on the foreign key in the identifying entity relation of the weak entity type, since a weak entity has an existence dependency on its owner entity. zThis can be used for both ON UPDATE and ON DELETE.

12. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model12 Weak entities ET2 B R ET1 A ET2 A ET1 A B

13. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model13 STEP 3Binary 1:1 Relationship Types Mapping zFor each binary 1:1 relationship type R in the ER schema, and S and T, the relations that participate in R yChoose one relation, for example S, and yinclude as foreign key in S the primary key of T.

14. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model14 1 to 1 Relationship Mapping R 1 ET2 ET1 1 ET2 B ET1 AB A ET2 BA - or -

15. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model15 STEP 3Continued zIt is better to choose an entity type with total participating in R as the role of S. zInclude all simple attributes ( or simple component of composite attributes) of the 1:1 relationship type R as attributes of S.

16. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model16 1 to 1 relationship R 1 ET2 ET1 1 A ET2 BA

17. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model17 STEP 4Binary 1:N Relationship Types Mapping zFor each regular binary 1:N relationship type R, identify the relations S that represents the participating entity type at the N-side of the relationship type.

18. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model18 STEP 4Continued zInclude as foreign key in S the primary key of T that represents the other entity type (the 1-side) participating in R; zthis is because each entity instance on the N-side is related to at most one entity instance on the 1-side of the relationship type.

19. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model19 STEP 4Continued zInclude any simple attributes (or simple component of composite attributes) of the 1:N relationship type as attributes of S.

20. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model20 1 to n Relationship Mapping R 1 ET2 ET1 n A ET2 BA B ET1 A NO

21. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model21 STEP 5Binary M to N Relationship Types zFor each binary M:N relationship type R, create a new relation S to represent R. zInclude as a foreign key attributes in S the primary keys of the relations that participates in R; their combination will form the primary key of S.

22. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model22 STEP 5Binary M to N Relationship Types zAlso include any simple attributes of the M:N relationship type (or simple component of composite attributes) as attributes of S.

23. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model23 M to N Relationship Mapping R n ET2 ET1 n ET2 B ET1 A NO ET2 B ET1 A NO ET2 B ET1 A R AB

24. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model24 STEP 5Binary M to N Relationship Types zNotice that we cannot represent an M:N relationship type by a single foreign key attribute in one of the participating relations – as we did for 1:1 or 1:N relationship types – because of the M:N cardinality ratio.

25. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model25 STEP 5Binary M to N Relationship Types zNotice that we can always map 1:1 or 1:N relationships in a manner similar to M:N relationships.

26. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model26 STEP 6Multivalued Attributes zFor each multivalued attribute A, create a new relation R. zThe relation R will include an attribute corresponding to A, plus the primary key attribute K – as a foreign key in R – of the relation that represents the entity type or relationship type that has A as an attribute.

27. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model27 STEP 6Multivalued Attributes zThe primary key of R is the combination of A and K. zIf the multivalued attribute is composite, we include its simple components.

28. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model28 Multivalued Attributes Mapping F ET-F AF ET A

29. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model29 STEP 7n-ary Relationship Types Mapping zFor each n-ary relationship type R, where n>2, create a new relation S to represent R. zInclude as foreign key attributes in S the primary keys of the relations that represent the participating entity types.

30. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model30 STEP 7Continued zAlso include any simple attributes of the n-ary relationship type (or simple components of composite attributes) as attributes of S. zThe primary of S is usually a combination of all the foreign keys that reference the relations representing the participating entity types.

31. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model31 STEP 7Continued zHowever, if the cardinality constraints on any of entity type E participating in R is 1, then the primary key of S should not include the foreign key attribute that references relation E.

32. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model32

33. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model33

34. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model34

35. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model35 Notes on ER-to-Relational Mapping zRelationships in ER are mapped to foreign key attributes. yA single foreign key needed for 1:1 or 1:N relationships yA extra relation with two foreign keys needed for binary M:N relationship. yFor n-ary relationship, n>2, we need an extra relation with n foreign keys.

36. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model36 Notes on ER-to-Relational Mapping zEQUIJOIN operations are needed to materialize the relationships by combining related tuples: yA single EQUIJOIN needed to materialize 1:1 or 1:N relationships. yTwo EQUIJOINS needed to materialize binary M:N relationship yN EQUIJOINS needed to materialize the full n-ary relationship.

37. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model37 Notes on ER-to-Relational Mapping zPrimary key of weak entity type includes key of owner relation. zPrimary key of relation representing an n- ary relationship determined from the structural participation constraints.

38. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model38 Notes on ER-to-Relational Mapping zWe create a separate relation for each multivalued attribute. zThis is because the relational model does not allow multiple values (a list, or a set of values) for an attribute in a single table.

39. Mapping from ER Model to Relational Model39 Correspondence Between ER and Relational Models ER ModelRelational Model Entity type“Entity” relation 1:1 or 1:N relationship typeForeign key (or “relationship” relation) M:N relationship type“Relationship” relation and two foreign keys N-ary relationship type“Relationship” relation and n foreign keys Simple attributeAttribute Composite attributeSet of simple component attributes Multivalued attributeRelation and foreign keys Value setDomain Key attributePrimary (or secondary) key