1. PARTICIPATION IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE POTENTIAL OF CITIZEN OBSERVATORIES: A GOVERNANCE ANALYSIS Uta Wehn, Maria Rusca, Jaap Evers (all UNESCO-IHE) and Vita Lanfranchi (K-Now)

2. Context Evolution of flood risk management towards integrated FRM and non-structural measures Recognition: importance of stakeholder participation in decision making (incl. in FRM) – Aarhus Convention, Water Framework Directive, Flood Directive But extent of achieving this? Potential of citizen observatories to reach goal of greater citizen participation?

3. Content Citizen participation - concepts Current institutional set up – empirical results for WeSenseIt case studies Potential for citizen participation via citizen observatories Conclusions

4. Citizen participation - concepts

5. Participants in decision making national organisation citizen National organisation Regional organisation Local authorities Emergency services Private sector (Scientific) Experts Trained volunteers Volunteers Citizen scientists Citizens National organisation Regional organisation Local authorities Emergency services Private sector (Scientific) Experts Trained volunteers Volunteers Citizen scientists Citizens

6. Communication & decision mode social sensor technical expertise Social sensor Listen as spectator Human sensor Express preferences Develop preferences Aggregate & bargain Deliberate & negotiate Technical expertise Social sensor Listen as spectator Human sensor Express preferences Develop preferences Aggregate & bargain Deliberate & negotiate Technical expertise

7. Authority & Power Individual education Communicative influence Advise/Consult Co-govern Direct authority individual education direct authority Individual education Communicative influence Advise/Consult Co-govern Direct authority

8. 8 Adjusted Democracy Cube: citizen participation in decision making on flood risk management Based on Fung (2006) national organisation citizen social technical sensor expertise social technical sensor expertise individ. education direct authority individ. education direct authority

9. The disaster cycle Source: Alexander (2002) (Prevention/protection)

10. CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL SET UP – EMPIRICAL RESULTS FROM WeSenseIt CASE STUDIES

11. Citizen participation during mitigation (Doncaster, UK) Awareness raising (schools, communities) Community meetings: set agenda/learn from communities change values /manage expectations (flood causes & response) Strategy consultations Implementation of flood risk schemes: citizens provide supporting info on location for implementation schemes (flood w. walk about & reporting) Awareness raising (schools, communities) Community meetings: set agenda/learn from communities change values /manage expectations (flood causes & response) Strategy consultations Implementation of flood risk schemes: citizens provide supporting info on location for implementation schemes (flood w. walk about & reporting)

12. Citizen participation during response (Doncaster, UK) Command along well-establihsed route, multi-agency effort & coordination Role for citizen participation in DM this phase: limited; Own home evacuation: citizens’ own decision Social media use by authorities: emergency services to counter rumours Command along well-establihsed route, multi-agency effort & coordination Role for citizen participation in DM this phase: limited; Own home evacuation: citizens’ own decision Social media use by authorities: emergency services to counter rumours

13. Citizen participation in flood risk management – Doncaster Case Study

14. Current institutional set up On paper ( de jure ), formal institutions require citizen participation (in FRM), but de facto importance given to these and extent of their implementation varies in the three cases Implementation of formal institutions: limited when examining in detail a) the respective roles and types of interactions between citizen and authorities and b) the impact of citizen participation on decision making throughout the different phases of disaster cycle Different perceptions of the role of citizens, combined with the different strategies adopted by the three countries in response to the EU directives

15. Potential for citizen participation via citizen observatories

16. Citizen observatory Observations of citizens - and not just those of scientists and professionals - can form an integral part of data collection (and even decision making) Enables citizen involvement by collecting data via innovative combination of easy-to-use sensors and monitoring technologies (incl. social media) as well as harnessing citizens’ collective intelligence

17. Potential for citizen participation via citizen observatories These cases do not yet present strong ICT-enabled participation (eParticipation) (Wehn and Evers, 2014) Local patterns of participation have emerged in the cases -> citizen observatories are likely to take specific ‘shapes and sizes’ in the three locations. Different perceptions of the role of citizens, combined with the different strategies adopted by the three countries in response to the EU directives seem to call for different set ups of citizen observatories.

18. Dutch case : participation is done ad hoc (depending on the project context) CO may present opportunity for local authorities and citizens to develop more regular and fitting means of citizen participation and raise awareness on FRM. UK case: reliance on regular and intense face-to-face contact with (mostly older and less technology-savvy) members of the communities CO may help to bridge participation gap (largely generational) by involving previously unengaged segments of the communities such as the Digital Natives and their parents. Potential for citizen participation via citizen observatories (CO)

19. Conclusions

20. (WeSenseIt) citizen observatories may not be a panacea for citizen participation They might serve to support locally-defined governance goals and objectives – and to change those goals by.... …providing a platform a) to increase citizens’ awareness about water-related risks b) for citizens to demand and take on a stronger role in managing water-related risks

21. Contact Dr. Uta Wehn: u.wehn@unesco-ihe.org Presented by Dr. Simon McCarthy, Flood Hazard Research Centre Middlesex University Londonu.wehn@unesco-ihe.org