1. Concept empiricism Michael Lacewing enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk

2. Concept empiricism The claim that all concepts are derived from experience Concept innatism: some of our concepts are innate.

3. Tabula rasa Locke: at birth (or when consciousness begins), the mind is a ‘tabula rasa’ (blank slate) –It contains no ideas, thoughts or concepts. All our concepts derive from –Sensation: perceptual experience of objects outside the mind –Reflection: experience of the internal operations of our minds.

4. Impressions and ideas Locke uses the term ‘idea’ to cover both sensations and concepts and thoughts –But these are all quite distinct. Hume is clearer –Perceptions: what we are immediately and directly aware of. Divide into Impressions (forceful, vivid, related to feeling and sensing) –Divide into impressions of sensation and of reflection Ideas (less forceful, vivid, related to thinking).

5. Impressions and ideas Ideas are ‘faint copies’ of impressions –Fainter except in disease or madness. As there are impressions of sensation and reflection, so there are ideas – concepts – derived from sensation and reflection. Without a particular type of experience, a person can’t form the related concepts –E.g. blind man and colours.

6. The missing shade of blue A spectrum of blue with one shade missing –We probably can form the idea of the missing shade –So not all ideas are copied from impressions. Is this the only exception? –Important, because Hume uses the ‘copy principle’ to unpack and criticise complicated concepts.

7. Solutions Amend the copy principle: ‘Any ideas that are not copied from impressions are only meaningful if they could be copied from impressions.’ Keep the copy principle, but explain why the missing shade is an exception that can’t be generalized –E.g. it only works for impressions that are highly similar.

8. Simple and complex concepts We start from simple impressions – single colours, shapes, smells, etc. – not distinguishable into different impressions. We copy these to form simple concepts; we can then construct complex concepts –Unite and combine impressions into a concept of a single object, e.g. that dog –Abstraction, ‘dog’ –Do this creatively, e.g. unicorn.

9. Objection Can we do this for all concepts? –Hume: yes. E.g. ‘God’ – we extend beyond limits (infinite = not finite) the qualities of knowledge, goodness, etc., that we experience in ourselves. Counterexamples? Philosophical concepts, e.g. –Knowledge –Truth –Beauty.