1. Semantics and Lexicology Historical-philological semantics

2. Historical-comparative linguistics Discovery and questions Continuity and change Earlier traditions of language description Types of change of meaning Psychological and social perspectives

3. Discovery and questions Languages can be historically (”genetically”) related. Which are the sounds, and which are the roots, stems and endings? Which types of changes have occurred?

4. Continuity and change Minor changes in recognizable elements give discoverable continuity ”Life and growth” of languages ”Sound laws” Changes of meaning

5. Earlier traditions of language description Etymology: speculation Lexicography: polysemy Rhetoric: metaphor, metonymy, euphemism Philology: linguistic and world knowledge useful for interpretation of classical works

6. Types of change of meaning Change of denotation Change of connotation Transfer of lexical pattern Meaning and naming

7. Change of denotation Metaphor Metonymy Generalization Specialization

8. Change of connotation Pejorative and ameliorative Euphemism and dysphemism Hyperbole and litotes

9. Transfer of lexical pattern Between languages Within a language

10. Naming concepts and interpreting expressions Semasiological questions: Which senses can an expression have? How does an expression acquire a new sense? Onomasiological questions: How is a concept named or expressed? How and why are new expressions invented and used?

11. Carnoy and Stern Carnoy: regular and singular meaning changes Stern: changes due to linguistic or language external causes

12. How, why and where do changes occur? In the minds of people? In linguistic communities? In conversation?

13. Do those who speak a certain language also think in a certain way, using the concepts of that language? Herder Humboldt Wundt (Sapir, Whorf...)

14. Psychological and social perspectives Bréal: psychological perspective, Essais de sémantique: science des significations, 1897 Paul: usuelle und okkasionelle Bedeutung, meaning in norm for usage and in context of use Meillet: sociological perspective Wegener: pragmatic perspective