1. The Power of Wind CBE 555 Stephen Klein

2. History  5000 BC : Propel ships  200 BC Windmills in China pumping water Windmills in China pumping water Persia grinding grain with vertical axis Persia grinding grain with vertical axis  11 th Century – Widespread use in Middle East Persian Windmill

3. History  19 th Century – Replacement by steam engines  1890 thru Present Electricity Production (Denmark) Electricity Production (Denmark) Interest varies greatly with fuel costs Interest varies greatly with fuel costs WWIIWWII 1970’s1970’s NowNow

4. General Principle

5. Types of Turbines  Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)  Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

6. Many different types – Most utilities use HAWT with 2-3 rotors

7. General Design

8. World Leaders Capacity (MW)

9. US Growth  Production Tax Credit (1991) $0.021/kWh credit extended through 2009 $0.021/kWh credit extended through 2009  Home tax credit (30%)

10. Wisconsin History  2006 – 4.6% Energy Produced Renewable 1.4% of that Wind (320,000 MWh) 1.4% of that Wind (320,000 MWh) 55 Turbines in Operation 55 Turbines in Operation  2005 – 150,000 MWh  1998 – First Windmills Installed Glenmore Wind Energy Project Glenmore Wind Energy Project

11. Where Is It?

14. Phenomena  Lake Effect  Mountain-Valley Funnel

15. Theory Bernoulli Equation (total power) Since:, Available Power ~ v 3 Total Removed: How much really???

16. Theory (Cont’d) Another definition of Power: So, can combine the two power expressions, to determine velocity at (2) Can plug this expression back in for power of windmill, and compare to power available: Betz’s Law – Albert Betz – German Physicist, 1920

17. Max of 0.593 at v 3 /v 1 =0.33

18. Ideal Operation

19. Glenmore Wind Energy Facility  Two 600 kW turbines  Opened February 1999  De Pere, WI  $2.1 million

20. Month of October Production

21. Wisconsin Projects  Blue Sky Green Field, Fond du lac Co.  Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond du lac Co.  Glacier Hills, Portage, WI

22. Blue Sky Green Field  Started May 19, 2008  88 Vesta V82 1.65 MW Rated 1.65 MW Rated Cut in 8 mph Cut in 8 mph Rated 30 mph Rated 30 mph Cut out 54 mph Cut out 54 mph  380,000 MWh annually  $300 Million

23. Size (BSGF)  Largest Wind Farm in WI  Operate at 14.4 RPMs Tip traveling at 138 mph Tip traveling at 138 mph  Rotor Assembly 47 tons 41 m blade 41 m blade  Nacelle (HUB) 57 tons  Tower 140 tons 80 m 80 m

24. Cedar Ridge Wind Farm  ~20 mi south of BSGF  41 Vestas V82  12.2 sq mile plot  170,000 MWh expected  Capacity factor 30-35%  $180 million

25. Turbine 17Turbine 17Turbine 17Turbine 17

27. Glacier Hills  ~1 hour N of Madison  90 windmill site  Hope to start construction late 2009

28. Helpful?  ~$2000 / yr lease from land owners (1/2 acre)  Produce for <5 ¢/kWh Last Alliant bill – 11¢/kWh Last Alliant bill – 11¢/kWh  550,000 MWh from Cedar Ridge and BSGF is 170% increase from 2006

29. Pros and Cons  Free  No emissions  Rural Areas  No Fuel Infrastructure  Intermittent  High Investment  Visual and Environmental Impact

30. Environmental Impact  Noise  Birds Source/ActivityIndicative noise level dB (A) Rural night-time background 20-40 Quiet bedroom35 Wind farm at 350m35-45 Car at 40mph at 100m55 Busy general office60 Jet aircraft at 250m105 Threshold of Pain140

31. New Technology and Aeroelastic Flutter  Tacoma Narrows Bridge

32. Windbelt / Humdinger  Using similar idea Small Scale (3 to 10 W) Small Scale (3 to 10 W) 10-30 x more efficient than smallest microturbines 10-30 x more efficient than smallest microturbines ~$2 / W (CR $2.6) ~$2 / W (CR $2.6)  Applications LED lighting LED lighting Wireless sensors Wireless sensors

33. Resources  http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p015392.hcsp http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p015392.hcsp  http://www.we-energies.com/environmental/bluesky_greenfield.htm http://www.we-energies.com/environmental/bluesky_greenfield.htm  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0Fi1VcbpAI&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0Fi1VcbpAI&feature=related  http://video.popularmechanics.com/services/link/bcpid1214137061/bctid1233395616 http://video.popularmechanics.com/services/link/bcpid1214137061/bctid1233395616   http://www.iddsummit.org/page_attachments/0000/0446/frayne.ppt#292,20,Appendix: All seeds look the same from a distance  http://www.humdingerwind.com/pdf/WB-BI.pdf http://www.humdingerwind.com/pdf/WB-BI.pdf  http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Marketing/W_RI_MK TG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Marketing/W_RI_MK TG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Marketing/W_RI_MK TG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf  http://www.awea.org/legislative/ http://www.awea.org/legislative/  http://www.awea.org/pubs/documents/Outlook_2008.pdf http://www.awea.org/pubs/documents/Outlook_2008.pdf  http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html  http://power.wisconsin.gov/section.asp?linkid=1177&locid=131 http://power.wisconsin.gov/section.asp?linkid=1177&locid=131  http://renewwisconsin.org/windfarm/windwisconsin.html#proposed http://renewwisconsin.org/windfarm/windwisconsin.html#proposed  www.geograph.org.uk/photo/48659 www.geograph.org.uk/photo/48659  Dixon, S.L., Eng, B. Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery. 5th Ed. Elsevier. 1998.  www.catpress.com/bplanet9/eeolica.htm www.catpress.com/bplanet9/eeolica.htm  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine  http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html  Erickson, Wallace, etc. A Summary and Comparison of Bird Deaths and Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collision. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191. 2005. p 1029  http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/WE_Noise.pdf http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/WE_Noise.pdf  http://www.goodcleantech.com/2008/11/humdinger_windbelt_achieves_a.php http://www.goodcleantech.com/2008/11/humdinger_windbelt_achieves_a.php  http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpg http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpg  http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpg http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/images/technical/wind-turbine.jpg