1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NASA Exoplanet Science Institute Design-a-Mission Group Projects July 21, 2014 2014 Sagan Summer Workshop “Imaging Planets and Disks”

2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NASA Exoplanet Science Institute What is this group project about? February 26, 2013NASA Keck MOWG - D. Gelino2  Design your own mission to detect exoplanets  Three different mission classes: Probe, Medium- scale, Flagship  Two different high-contrast instruments: Coronagraph and Starshade  Each class and hardware setup combination has a cost cap and set of science goals  Two groups for each type of mission: see who can observe the most planets!  You will sign up for a group on the sheets provided, and start working towards your 7-10 min presentation to be given on Friday afternoon.

3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NASA Exoplanet Science Institute Which group should I choose? February 26, 2013NASA Keck MOWG - D. Gelino3 Groups 1 & 2: Probe-scale mission with Coronagraph Cost requirement: Under $1.5 Billion Primary science goal: Maximize observations of cold Jupiters Secondary science goal: Estimate potential capability of detecting other types of planets Groups 3 & 4: Probe-scale mission with Starshade Cost requirement: Under $1.5 Billion Primary science goal: Maximize observations of cold Jupiters Secondary science goal: Estimate potential capability of detecting other types of planets Groups 5 & 6: Medium-scale mission with Coronagraph Cost requirement: Under $4 Billion Primary science goal: Maximize observations of exoEarth candidates Secondary science goal: Estimate potential capability of detecting other types of planets

4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NASA Exoplanet Science Institute Which group should I choose? February 26, 2013NASA Keck MOWG - D. Gelino4 Groups 7 & 8: Medium-scale mission with Starshade Cost requirement: Under $4 Billion Primary science goal: Maximize observations of exoEarth candidates Secondary science goal: Estimate potential capability of detecting other types of planets Groups 9 & 10: Flagship-scale mission with Coronagraph Cost requirement: Under $12 Billion Primary science goal: Maximize observations of exoEarth candidates Secondary science goal: Estimate potential capability of detecting other types of planets Groups 11 & 12: Flagship-scale mission with Starshade Cost requirement: Under $12 Billion Primary science goal: Maximize observations of exoEarth candidates Secondary science goal: Estimate potential capability of detecting other types of planets

5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology NASA Exoplanet Science Institute What Questions Do I need to Answer? February 26, 2013NASA Keck MOWG - D. Gelino5 1.What is the name of your mission and its primary goals? a.Have fun with an acronym and logo if you like! 2.Define the telescope and instrument a.Size b.Coronagraph or starshade c.Contrast d.Inner Working Angle e.Mission Lifetime f.Any other modifications to default parameters 3.Estimate total mission cost 4.Present potential yield for each type of exoplanet a.Earths, Jupiters, Neptunes, warm mini-Neptunes 5.Present yield as a function of astrophysical uncertainty a.exozodi level b.eta_planet 6.Present any lessons learned (e.g. yield scaling relationships)

6. Designing a Mission: Calculating Science Yields Christopher Stark (NASA GSFC, NPP) Aki Roberge (NASA GSFC) Avi Mandell (NASA GSFC) Tyler Robinson (U of Washington)

7. Designing a Mission: The Role of a Yield Calculator 1.Science goals determine a certain type of observation needed for some number of planets 2.Make a tool (aka. DRM code) that calculates approximate yields as functions of gross astrophysical and mission parameters 3.Use it to figure out what those parameters need to be to satisfy #1 4.Take those parameters to the engineers 5.Iterate until satisfied

8. Inputs to the DRM DRM Exoplanet yield

9. Depends on distance to star, planet’s orbit, radius, albedo, and phase function, and the exposure time for the required SNR “Completeness” = the chance of observing a given planet around a given star if that planet exists 9 Too faint t expose How To Calculate Planet Yield: Completeness Calculated via a Monte Carlo simulation with synthetic planets IWA

10. 10  = (Planet SNR) 2 × (Planet count rate) + 2 × (Background count rate) (Planet count rate) 2 Background count rate = Leaked starlight + Zodiacal light + Exozodiacal light Image: Stefan Seip Kalas et al. 2005 Give’on et al. (2007) How To Calculate Planet Yield: Exposure Time

11. How To Calculate Planet Yield: Optimizing Exposure Time to Maximize Yield

12. Starting the Hands-On Exercise Start VNC Viewer. Log in Open a Terminal window – Under Applications / System Tools Type … > cd Mon > cp /ssw/Mon/*. This will copy the yield tool and two costing spreadsheets to your /home/Mon directory Begin Quick Start guide examples …Quick Start guide

13. Inner Working Angle IWA entered into yield tool in arcseconds For coronagraphs, IWA = a × λ / D OWA = b × λ / D λ = 0.55 μm, a > 2, b < 20 You have to calculate what a, b your choices correspond to before using the cost calculator For starshades, IWA can be anything. No OWA Small IWAs will increase the starshade / telescope separation and the retargeting times

14. A Few Words About Costs The cost tools are Open Office spreadsheets, one for coronagraphs, one for starshades May look complicated but are not hard to use These are estimates of what your missions will cost The point of having cost caps is to put a constraint on your design choices So you don’t all order up the premium versions of everything

15. Exoplanet Exploration Program Click to edit Master title style Keith Warfield (JPL) Vritika Singh (JPL) July 21, 2014 Keith Warfield (JPL) Vritika Singh (JPL) July 21, 2014 Sagan Summer Workshop Mission Group Project: Cost Estimation Tools

16. Exoplanet Exploration Program The Mission Costing Process 1.Define the telescope, coronagraph / starshade 2.Input chosen parameters on front worksheet of spreadsheet For some parameters, have to choose from a drop-down list of options. Choose option closest to your design value. 3.Choose orbit 4.Sheet calculates data volume, rate and downlink 5.Sheet calculates pointing requirements 6.Select spacecraft bus 7.Sheet calculates launch mass 8.Select launch vehicle 9.Estimate total mission cost 10. … then iterate

17. Exoplanet Exploration Program Coronagraph/Telescope Flight System Sizing

18. Exoplanet Exploration Program Design Worksheet Fill in all input information as an initial starting point Orbit choice requires telecom data volume evaluation and mission duration choice Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle are selected from lists on other worksheets 18 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.

19. Exoplanet Exploration Program Orbit and Telecom Sheets 19 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization. Trading telecom needs vs. station keeping requirements vs. mission duration All subsystems can be impacted by the decision but Telecom is the most important Make sure the daily coronagraph data can fits with the orbit capability Select a spacecraft offering the required telecom band

20. Exoplanet Exploration Program Spacecraft Selection Sheet Select a spacecraft with: –Sufficient payload mass and power capability –Adequate pointing performance (requirement set by telescope) –Correct mission design life –Correct telecom band 20 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.

21. Exoplanet Exploration Program Launch Mass and Spacecraft Power Estimation Sheet Worksheet used for estimating power requirement for spacecraft selection, and launch mass for launch vehicle selection JPL standard mass and power margins are included 21 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.

22. Exoplanet Exploration Program Launch Vehicle Selection Sheet Select a launch vehicle with higher capacity than the launch mass and power worksheet Minimize launch cost 22 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.

23. Exoplanet Exploration Program Starshade Flight System Sizing

24. Exoplanet Exploration Program Starshade Diameter Sensitivities Starshade Dia. (m) Mass (kg) Cost ($M FY14) 30 635 $120 32 680 $125 34 725 $130 36 775 $140 38 825 $150 40 880 $165 42 935 $200

25. Exoplanet Exploration Program Spacecraft Choices Select a spacecraft suitable for the mission –Can it support the payload? –Can it support the intended mission design life? –Does spacecraft choice put constraints on launch vehicle choice? Spacecraft W Spacecraft X Spacecraft Y Spacecraft Z Payload Power (BOL) W (BOL)73065010003000 Payload Mass Limit of Buskg67585017002400 Bus Dry mass (w/o Payload)kg60050015002000 Slewratedeg/min240120505 Mission Design Lifeyrs235>5 Compatible LVs(names) All L/V's except L/V F All L/V's DownlinkBand S-band and X- band X-band and Ka-band Propulsion type Blowdown hydrazine Monoprop or biprop Cost$ FY14 $ 120 M$ 165 M$ 240 M$ 300 M

26. Exoplanet Exploration Program Launch Vehicle Choices Add starshade mass and spacecraft dry mass. Then add 400 kg/year for propellant. This is the launch mass. Select a launch vehicle with adequate capacity for the intended destination

27. Exoplanet Exploration Program Cost Estimation

28. Exoplanet Exploration Program Backup 28 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.

29. Exoplanet Exploration Program Payload Sheet Coronagraph parameters are estimated for input requirements Telescope selected from a pick list –Telescope sets a spacecraft pointing requirement which limits spacecraft choices 29 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.

30. Exoplanet Exploration Program Cost Estimation Worksheet Cost estimate is for the total project cost Require inputs: –Coronagraph cost –Telescope cost –Spacecraft cost –Mission duration to set operations costs 30 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons may require an export authorization.