1. ELECTROPHORESIS
Prof/ Azza abd al baky

2. Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is the migration of charged molecules,particles or ion in a liquid medium under the influence of an electric field
Various types – defined by support used
Paper – amino acids, small peptides
Polyacrylamide – Proteins, small DNA/RNA (<500bp)
Agarose – DNA/RNA
Good preparative and analytical method

3. From large to small and simple

4. Principle
Proteins move in the electric field. Their relative speed depends on the charge, size, and shape of the protein

5. Technique of electrophoresis
instrumentation and reagents:
(1) Two buffer boxes contain the buffer used in the process.
(2) Each buffer box contains an electrode made of either platinum or carbon, the polarity of which is determined by the mode of connection to the power supply.
(3)The electrophoresis support on which separation takes place may contact the buffer directly, or by means of wicks
(4)The entire apparatus is covered to minimize evaporation and protect the system
(5) The power supply to provide electrical power.

6. General Procedure
General operations performed in conventional electrophoresis include: (1) separation (2) staining (3) detection (4) Quantification

7. SAMPLE APPLICATION : The sample may be applied as a spot (about 0
SAMPLE APPLICATION : The sample may be applied as a spot (about 0.5 cm in diameter) or as a uniform streak. ELECTROPHORETIC RUN: The current is switched on after the sample has been applied to the paper and the paper has been equilibrated with the buffer. .The types of buffer used depends upon the type of separation. Once removed, the paper is dried in vacuum oven. DETECTION AND QUANTITATIVE ASSAY: To identify unknown components in the resolved mixture the electrophoretogram may be compared with another electrophoretogram on which standard components have been electrophoresced under identical conditions. Physical properties like fluorescence, ultraviolet absorption or radioactivity are exploited for detection.

8. migration rate
affecting
Factors
Sample
Electric field
Buffer
Supporting
media

13. Electro-osmosis:

15. A simplified schematic drawing of a protein pattern separated by cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis

16. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS What is a gel?
Gel is a cross linked polymer whose composition and porosity is chosen based on the specific weight and porosity of the target molecules.
Types of Gel:
Agarose gel.
Polyacrylamide gel.

17. Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis uses a cross-linked polymers (agarose) that contain various pores.
Pores allow molecular sieving, where molecules e.g. DNA, can be separated based upon there mobility through the gel.

18. AGAROSE GEL
A highly purified uncharged polysaccharide derived from agar.
Used to separate macromolecules such as nucleic acids, large proteins and protein complexes.
It is prepared by dissolving 0.5% agarose in boiling water and allowing it to cool to 40°C.
It is fragile because of the formation of weak hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds.

19. POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL
Used to separate most proteins and small oligonucleotides because of the presence of small pores.

20. DNA Gel Electrophoresis
Detection
Dye e.g. ethidium bromide
Audioradiography 32P,
Blotting (see later)
Uses
Analytical- Can determine size of DNA fragment,
Preparative – Can identify a specific fragment based on size

21. 2D-gel (coomassie stained)

22. Example of silver stained gel
Silver staining is usually times more sensitive than Coomassie Blue staining, but it is more complicated.
Faint but still visible bands on this gel contain less than 0.5 ng of protein!

23. ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
Electrophoretic method that separates proteins according to the iso-electric points
Is ideal for seperation of amphoteric substances
Seperation is achieved by applying a potential difference across a gel that contain a pH gradient
Isoelectric focusing requires solid support such as agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel

24. IEF Separates proteins by their isoelectric points (pI)
Each protein has own pI = pH at which the protein has equal amount of positive and negative charges (the net charge is zero)

25. IEF example
IEF pH gradient
Zavialov A.

26. IEF
Mixtures of ampholytes, small amphoteric molecules with high buffering capacity near their pI, are used to generate the pH gradient.
Positively and negatively charged proteins move to – and +, respectively, until they reach pI.
PI of proteins can be theoretically predicted. Therefore, IEF can also be used for protein identification.

28. A TYPICAL ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING GEL

29. Blotting Techniques
Using specific probes that are labelled specific sequences of DNA can be identified.
There are three main hybridization techniques which vary in the sample blotted and the probes used;
Northern Blot-Transfer of an RNA sample separated and identified using DNA or RNA probes.
Southern Blot-Transfer of an DNA sample separated and identified using DNA or RNA probes.
Western Blot- Transfer of an Protein sample separated and identified typically using an antibody.

30. Blotting Techniques
Blotting – Transfer of DNA, RNA or Proteins, typically from a electrophoresis gel to a membrane e.g. nitrocellulose. This membrane can then be subject to further techniques such as hybridization.
Hybridization – Process where two complementary single strands of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) form a double helix.

31. Western Blotting (WB)
WB is a protein detection technique that combines the separation power of SDS PAGE together with high recognition specificity of antibodies
An antibody against the target protein could be purified from serum of animals (mice, rabbits, goats) immunized with this protein
Alternatively, if protein contains a commonly used tag or epitope, an antibody against the tag/epitope could be purchase from a commercial source (e.g. anti-6 His antibody)

32. WB: 4 steps Separation of proteins using SDS PAGE
2. Transfer of the proteins onto e.g. a nitrocellulose membrane (blotting)
3. Immune reactions
4. Visualization

33. WB, Step 2: Blotting

34. WB, Steps 3-4: Detection

35. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS
This technique combines the technique IEF (first dimension), which separates proteins in a mixture according to charge (PI), with the size separation technique of SDS-PAGE second dimension).
The combination of these two technique to give two-dimension(2-D)PAGE provides a highly sophisticated analytical method for analysing protein mixtures.

37. Using this method one can routinely resolve between 1000 and 3000 proteins from a cell or tissue extract and in some cases workers have reported the separation of between and proteins.
The result of this is a gel with proteins spread out on its surface. These proteins can then be detected by a variety of means, but the most commonly used stains are silver and coomasie staining.

38. Capillary electrophoresis

39. Capillary electrophoresis
In CE, the classic techniques of electrophoresis are carried out in a small-bore, fused silica capillary tube, the outer diameter of such tubes typically varies from 180 to 375 micrometer, the inner diameter from 20 to 180 micrometer, and the total length from 20 cm up to several meters. This capillary tube serves as a capillary electrophoretic chamber that is connected to a detector at its terminal end and, via buffer reservoirs, to a high-voltage power supply
The main advantage of CE comes from efficient heat dissipation compared with traditional electrophoresis. Improved heat dissipation permits the application of voltages in the range of 20 to 30 kV, which enhances separation efficiency and reduces separation time in some cases to less than 1 minute

40. Microchip electrophoresis

41. The following problems may be encountered when peforming gel electrophoresis.
1. Discontinuities in sample application: may be due to dirty applicators, which are best cleaned by agitating in water followed by gently pressing the applicators against absorbent paper. Caution must be used, and it is inadvisable to clean wires or combs by manual wiping.
2. Unequal migration of samples across the width of the gel may be due to dirty electrodes causing uneven application of the electrical field or to uneven wetting of the gel.
3. Distorted protein zones may be due to
bent applicators.
incorporation of an air bubble during sample application.
over application of sample.
excessive drying of the electrophoretic support before or during electrophoresis.

42. Unusual bands are usually artifacts that may be easily recognized.
Irregularities (other than broken zones) in sample application probably are due to excessively wet agarose gels. Parts of the applied samples may look washed out.
Unusual bands are usually artifacts that may be easily recognized.
Atypical bands in an isoenzyme pattern may be the result of binding by an immunoglobulin. An irregular, but sharp protein zone at the starting point that lacks the regular, somewhat diffuse appearance of proteins may actually be denatured protein resulting from a deteriorated serum.

43. الحمد لله رب العالمين