1. Chapter 8: User-Defined Classes and ADTs J ava P rogramming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition Second Edition

2. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition2 Chapter Objectives  Learn about classes.  Learn about private, protected, public, and static members of a class.  Explore how classes are implemented.  Learn about the various operations on classes.

3. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition3 Chapter Objectives  Examine constructors and finalizers.  Examine the method toString.  Learn about the abstract data type (ADT).

4. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition4 Classes  class : A reserved word; a collection of a fixed number of components.  Components: Members of a class.  Members are accessed by name.  Class categories/modifiers: –private –protected –public

5. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition5 Classes  Private: Members of class are not accessible outside class.  Public: Members of class are accessible outside class.  Class members: Can be methods or variables.  Variable members are declared like any other variables.

6. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition6 Syntax The general syntax for defining a class is:  If a member of a class is a named constant, you declare it just like any other named constant.  If a member of a class is a variable, you declare it just like any other variable.  If a member of a class is a method, you define it just like any other method.  If a member of a class is a method, it can (directly) access any member of the class—data members and methods. Therefore, when you write the definition of a method (of the class), you can directly access any data member of the class (without passing it as a parameter).

7. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition7 class Clock : Data Members (Instance Variables): private int hr; //store hours private int min; //store minutes private int sec; //store seconds Methods: public void setTime(int hours, int minutes, int seconds) public int getHours() public int getMinutes() public int getSeconds() public void printTime() public void incrementSeconds() public void incrementMinutes() public void incrementHours() public boolean equals(Clock otherClock) public void makeCopy(Clock otherClock) public Clock getCopy() Syntax

8. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition8  Two types of constructors:  With parameters  Without parameters (default constructor )  Constructors have the following properties:  The name of a constructor is the same as the name of the class.  A constructor, even though it is a method, has no type.  A class can have more than one constructor. All constructors of a class have the same name.  If a class has more than one constructor, any two constructors must have different signatures.  Constructors are automatically executed when a class object is instantiated.  If there are multiple constructors, which constructor executes depends on the type of values passed to the class object when the class object is instantiated. Constructors

9. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition9 class Clock : Constructors  Default constructor is public Clock(). Constructor with parameters:  public Clock(int hours, int minutes,int seconds) Constructors

10. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition10 Unified Modeling Language Class Diagrams

11. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition11 Variable Declaration and Object Instantiation The general syntax for using the operator new is: new className() OR new className(argument1, argument2,..., argumentN) Clock myClock; Clock yourClock; myClock = new Clock(); yourClock = new Clock(9, 35, 15);

12. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition12 Variable Declaration and Object Instantiation

13. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition13 Accessing Class Members The syntax to access a data member of a class object or method is: referenceVariableName.memberName Example 8-1 myClock.setTime(5, 2, 30); myClock.printTime(); yourClock.setTime(x, y, z); if (myClock.equals(yourClock)).

14. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition14 Assignment Operator: A Precaution myClock = yourClock;  Copies the value of the reference variable yourClock into the reference variable myClock. After this statement executes, both yourClock and myClock refer to the same object.

15. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition15 Assignment Operator: A Precaution  Shallow copying: Two or more reference variables of the same type point to the same object.  Deep copying: Each reference variable refers to its own object.

16. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition16 The Copy Constructor  Executes when an object is instantiated.  Initialized using an existing object.  Syntax: public ClassName(ClassName otherObject)

17. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition17 Example: class Clock

18. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition18 The Method toString  Public value-returning method.  Takes no parameters.  Returns address of a String object.  Output using print, println, printf methods.  Default definition creates String with name of object’s class name followed by hash code of object.

19. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition19 The Modifier static  In the method heading, specifies that the method can be invoked by using the name of the class.  If used to declare data member, data member invoked by using the class name.  Static data members of class exist even when no object of class type instantiated.  Static variables are initialized to their default values.

20. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition20 Example 8-3 public class Illustrate { private int x; private static int y; public static int count; public Illustrate() { x = 0; } public Illustrate(int a) { x = a; } The Modifier static

21. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition21 void setX(int a) { x = a; } public String toString() { return("x = " + x + ", y = " + y + ", count = " + count); } public static void incrementY() { y++; } Illustrate illusObject = new Illustrate(); Illustrate.incrementY(); Illustrate.count++; The Modifier static

22. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition22 Illustrate illusObject1 = new Illustrate(3); Illustrate illusObject2 = new Illustrate(5); The Modifier static

23. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition23 Illustrate.incrementY(); Illustrate.count++; The Modifier static

24. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition24 Finalizers  Automatically execute when class object goes out of scope.  Have no parameters.  Only one finalizer per class.  Name of finalizer: finalize.

25. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition25 Accessor and Mutator Methods  Accessor method: A method of a class that only accesses (that is, does not modify) the value(s) of the data member(s).  Mutator method: A method of a class that modifies the value(s) of the data member(s).

26. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition26 Creating Packages You can create packages using a reserved word package.  Define the class to be public. (If class is not public, it can only be used within package.)  Choose name for package.  Organize package (create subdirectories).

27. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition27 Creating Package for class Clock package jpfpatpd.ch08.clockPackage; public class Clock { //put instance variables and methods, //as before, here } import jpfpatpd.ch08.clockPackage.Clock;

28. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition28 The Reference this  Refers to instance variables and methods of a class.  Used to implement cascaded method calls.

29. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition29 Inner Classes  Defined within other classes.  Can be either a complete class definition or an anonymous inner class definition.  Used to handle events.

30. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition30 Abstract Data Types A data type that specifies the logical properties without the implementation details.

31. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition31 Programming Example: Candy Machine (Problem Statement ) A new candy machine is bought for the gym, but it is not working properly. The machine sells candies, chips, gum, and cookies. In this programming example, we will write a program to create a Java application program for this candy machine so that it can be put into operation. We will divide this program in two parts. In the first part, we will design a non-GUI application program. In the second part, we will design an application program that will create a GUI, as described in the second part. The non-GUI application program should do the following: 1. Show the customer the different products sold by the candy machine. 2. Let the customer make the selection. 3. Show the customer the cost of the item selected. 4. Accept money from the customer. 5. Release the item.

32. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition32 Programming Example: Candy Machine (Input and Output)  Input: The item selection and the cost of the item.  Output: The selected item.

33. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition33 Programming Example: Candy Machine Components:  Cash register  Dispenser  Machine

34. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition34 Programming Example: Candy Machine

35. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition35 Programming Example: Candy Machine

36. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition36 Programming Example: Candy Machine

37. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition37 Programming Example: Candy Machine

38. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition38 Programming Example: Candy Machine

39. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition39 Programming Example: Candy Machine

40. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition40 Chapter Summary  Creating classes  Members of a class:  private  protected  public  static  Implementing classes  Various operations on classes

41. Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition41 Chapter Summary  Constructors  Finalizers  Method toString  Abstract data types