1. Westward Expansion

2. UNIT 1.1

3. “Manifest Destiny”
Manifest Destiny –the belief in the 1840s and 1850s that the U.S. should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Mexican War ( )
California Gold Rush (1849)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)

4. Territorial Expansion of the U.S.

5. Migration
Push Factor: negative conditions that cause a person to want to leave their current environment.
Pull Factor: Positive conditions that cause people to want to move to a place

6. Economics
Supply and Demand: dictate price in a market economy. As supply goes down and demand remains high, prices go higher. If demand is low and supply is high, then prices drop
Scarcity: rarity of a product; it generally increases the value of something
Natural Resources: materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
Labor Supply: the number of workers willing and able to work in a given occupation or industry for a given wage.

7. Two Regions of the West
Near West
Far West

8. Near West Great Plains states: Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota Economy:
Farming
Cattle
Grazing land

9. Great plains

10. Near West - Farming Homestead Act (1862)
providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.
Title could also be acquired after only a 6-month residency and trivial improvements, provided the claimant paid the government $1.25 per acre.
After the Civil War, Union soldiers could deduct the time they had served from the residency requirements.
This act sparked the largest migration in U.S. history but only 10 percent of all farmers got their start under its terms (most farmers bought their land outright).
Railroads and speculators were able to cash in by selling land to farmers.
Farmers were willing to pay hefty prices.

11. Homesteaders: farmers who acquired land for farming purposes in the old west
Homestead: Small family farm with basic buildings sufficient enough for survival
Sod busters: nickname for homesteaders in KS and NE who worked hard to break up the tough sod for planting and used sod for their homes
Exodusters: African Americans who left the Jim Crow South to homestead in Kansas and later Oklahoma

16. Life on the homestead All members of the family chipped in with work
Men’s work tended to be seasonal.
Women’s activities were usually more routine.
Children worked running errands and completing chores by about age nine.
Community was an important part of life.
People depended on neighbors for help in times of need and for a break from the hard work and harsh climate.
Adapted to surroundings

22. Exodusters
1879 about African Americans left the south for KS

23. Cattle industry The other economic component of the near west
Rounding up wild cattle and driving them to middle markets to be sold.
Unbranded cattle were called mavericks, and could be claimed by anyone
Long Drives
Cow Towns

24. Long drives
Cattle were rounded up in texas, driven to middle markets along rail lines in Kansas
Several trails were used
The trails ran through mostly unoccupied lands through which anyone could travel fairly easily.

26. Chisholm Trail The most widely used
Through “unassigned lands” in Indian Territory

30. Cow Towns
The drive ended at towns along the rail line such as Dodge City, KS and Wichita KS that served as middle markets
The main industry of these small communities was the sale and transportation of Cattle

33. Open Range Grazing land used by anyone regardless of ownership.
Vast unoccupied spaces allowed for more cattle to graze freely.

34. Range Wars Ranchers used brands to mark their “property”
They would often fight over rustled cattle or grazing land
These disputes were called range wars even though they were not actual wars between countries.

35. Joseph Glidden Ruins Christmas
Barbed wire: Invented by Joseph Glidden, barbed wire effectively ended the open range and the cattle drive industry
By fencing grazing land, ranchers protected their own cattle from rustlers but in turn that prevented any cattle drives from passing through their territory

36. Closing of the Frontier
1890 Census: declared that there were no longer unsettled areas of the U.S, therefore there was no longer any more “frontiers”
Frederick Jackson Turner (Historian)
Wrote 1893 Significance of the Frontier in American History
Used the 1890 census data to declare the death of the “frontier”
tier shaped the American people

37. UNIT 2.2

38. Far West Rocky Mountains to the Coast: Colorado, Nevada, California
Economy
Mining

39. Mining Towns Mining fostered western expansion.
Gold discoveries brought thousands of fortune seekers.
Most fortunes went to corporations that bought out the smaller claims.
Although some mine communities eventually became permanent settlements, most were short-lived boomtowns.

40. Far West - Mining
1848 – Sutter’s Mill CA

42. Mining boom

43. 1859 – Nevada’s Comstock Lode
Silver Ore in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range
Brought settlers in from California and the East
Boomtowns like Virginia City and Gold Hill
Resulted in economic growth in Nevada and San Francisco

44. Pike’s Peak Gold Rush 1859 – 1861 North of Pike’s Peak
Over 100,000 people flocked to CO
Slogan “Pike’s Peak or Bust”
Brought first American settlers to Colorado
Mining camps like Denver City and Boulder city later became major Colorado cities

45. Leadville, CO 1876-1893 Brought Wealth and increased population to CO
Government purchase of Silver increased demand, which raised prices
High silver prices attracted more to the mines
Ended in 1893 when Gov’t stopped buying silver

46. Black Hills, SD gold rush
Deadwood, SD
Sioux Indian Lands
Many Settlers flocked to Deadwood despite that it was on Indian lands
Led to conflicts with Natives in SD

47. Boomtowns
A community that experiences sudden and rapid population and economic growth
Associated with gold or silver discoveries
Boomtowns are generally completely dependent on the resource that caused their growth
If the resource disappears, then the towns generally “died out” and became “ghost towns”

50. Hydraulic Mining
Used to rapidly displace soil and rock to sluice for gold
Resulted in increased production of gold
Negative environmental effects: sediment blocked waterways, raised riverbeds, and caused flooding in some towns

51. Race relations in California
Chinese:
1868 Burlingame Treaty gave Chinese the right to imigrate
Came for mines, stayed for railroad
Few African Americans were in CA, racism directed toward Chinese
Dennis Kearney (Irish Teamster) leader of anti-chinese sentiment in CA

52. Chinese in CA cont. Kearney formed the Labor party
Slogan “the Chinese must go!”
Influenced demorats and republicans
1879 new California State Constitution contained anti-chinese provisions
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress (10 year ban)

53. Mexican Borderland Communities
The Southwest saw a series of clashes between Anglos and Mexicanos over control of the land.
Some Mexicano elites continued to maintain wealth and power.
The majority of Mexicans found themselves trapped in poverty and turned to migratory work or moved to urban areas to work for wages.
Mexicanos maintained key elements of their traditional culture.

54. Hispanics in the Far West
Californios – Spanish speaking residents of California from before U.S. purchase
Barrios – concentrated neighborhoods of Spanish speaking Californians

55. Western Labor
The western labor movement emerged in this rough and often violent climate.
Unions refused membership to Chinese, Mexican, and Indian workers.
Unions were unable to stop owners from closing down mines when the ore ran out, leaving ghost towns and environmental blight.

56. UNIT 2.3

57. Native Americans Treaty Policy
The U.S. had historically treated tribes as independent nations
The negotiated treaties to arrange resettlement when Indian lands were desired by white settlers
Congress was first involved with the Indian Removal Act in 1830 (Andrew Jackson)

58. Treaty policy cont. Indian Appropriations Act (1871)
Declared that treaties would no longer be used with native tribes
Declared that Natives were no longer independent nations

59. Indian Territory Present day Oklahoma
Reservation land set aside for native tribes as part of the 1830 Indian Removal Act
A small portion in the middle was known as the “unassigned lands” because no tribe was given that land
Tribes had their own lands and their own boundaries

60. Oklahoma Land Rush Created by act of Congress in 1889
Settlers already living illegally in the area had to leave to register. (Boomers)
Extension of the homestead Act.
Had to register for land, then the land was opened up at noon on April,
All registrants lined up along the northern boundary of the unassigned lands
Cannon fire started the race for land

61. Land rush continued
Some settlers entered the territory before April, 22 (head start in the race) (Sooners)
The Oklahoma Land Run was the beginning of White settlement in Oklahoma and ultimately resulted in the end of Indian Territory.

62. Tribes
Apache
native to Arizona and New Mexico and violently resisted removal to reservations
Geronimo - Leader of the Apache tribe who led resistance efforts.

63. Sioux
native to the Dakotas and violently resisted removal to reservations
Sitting Bull - Chief of the Sioux tribe that led his tribes resistance efforts. He was killed by U.S. agents in an attempt to arrest him.
Wovoka - Native religious leader who founded the "ghost dance" movement that led to troubles with the sioux and the U.S. government in Pine Ridge, SD.

64. Nez Perce
native to Oregon and Idaho and peacefully resisted removal to reservations
Chief Joseph
Chief of the Nez Perce who tried to peacefully lead his people to Canada but was forced back to their reservation. His quote "i will fight no more, forever" exemplified the felling of hopelessness that indian resistance efforts were realizing.

65. Ponca
native to Nebraska, but forcefully removed to Indian Territory
Standing Bear
Chief of the Ponca tribe who sued the government in Standing Bear v. Crooks. He won the right to return to Nebraska.

66. Indian Wars George A. Custer Colonel John Chivington Buffalo Soldiers
Successful civil war general who went on to lead U.S. forces in Indian Wars. He and his troops were killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn by Native Americans.
Colonel John Chivington
Leader of troops in Colorado Territory. Racist military leader who was especially cruel to Natives
Buffalo Soldiers
nickname given to the African-American Cavalry men who patrolled the Near west and fought in the Indian Wars.

67. Massacres Sand Creek Massacre
U.S. Millitary attack of a peaceful camp of Cheyenne tribesmen in 1864
led by Colonel John Chivington.
The attack incited retaliation by Natives on white settlers.

68. Massacres cont. Wounded Knee Near wounded knee creek
U.S. Millitary attack near the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota in 1890 during which at least 150 Native Americans were killed when they were being disarmed after peacefully fleeing their reservation.

69. Reformers Helen Hunt Jackson
Author A Century of Dishonor
Sympathetic to Native Americans
Exposed cruelties of the government and raised awareness of the treatment of natives
Assimilation: changing one's behavior and cultural practices to fit in with a larger group.

70. Assimilation cont. Dawes Act Passed by congress in 1887
it was designed to divide Indian lands into individual plots and grant U.S. citizenship to those who accepted ownership of land allotments.
It also opened up unused tribal lands for sale to european americans.