1. Level II Agricultural Business Operations

2.  Overview of the production cycle of a ewe  Appropriate management of the flock pre mating to achieve optimum performance  Identify the most suitable option for selecting replacements

4.  Unlike cattle sheep have a distinct breeding season linked to day length  As day length decreases sheep begin to come on heat  Different breeds will cycle at slightly different times  Breeding season affects choice of breed

5.  Lowland breeds and crosses cycle – Aug – Feb  Hill breeds – Oct – Jan  Some breeds, e.g., Dorset Horn can breed almost any time of year (for early lambing systems, mate in July)

6.  When in season a ewe comes on heat every 16 – 17 days  Each heat lasts for 24-36 hours  Gestation period 147 days (21 weeks)

7. July/Aug

8.  The number of eggs shed at each ovulation  Affects number of lambs born to the ewe  A number of factors affect the ovulation rate ◦ Breed – in general terms ewes of hill breeds have lower ovulation rates than those of low ground breeds ◦ Nutrition

9.  Age – ovulation rate is low in the ewe lamb, rises to peak at about 4 years of age, stays the same for a few years and then drops.  Body condition – ewes in poor condition have lower ovulation rates  Stage of breeding season – ovulation rate is low at the beginning and end of the breeding season and highest at the midpoint

10.  Starts at weaning  Ensure ewes have enough time to recover between weaning and mating  Assess ewe body condition

11.  Condition scoring is method of estimating the condition or 'nutritional well being' of a ewe  It requires an assessment of the amount of muscle and fat covering the backbone and the short ribs of each sheep  This gives a picture of the sheep’s store of energy  Use body condition scoring to guide your feeding management pre-mating and throughout pregnancy.

13.  Wean lowland ewes July-mid August  Hill ewes no later than end of September  This give ewes time to gradually gain condition  Ensure ewes are appropriately dried off  May sort off culls at this stage for marketing ◦ Bad udders etc.

14. Prolapsed

15. Records / ear notch  No lambs  Poor mother  Poor milker  Hard to lamb  Dead lambs  Rejected lambs

17.  Reassess body condition ideally 8-6 weeks before mating date  Feed ewes accordingly to achieve desired BCS  Check udders/teeth/feet etc  Treatments  Cast/culls

19. Ewe body condition scoreSward height DM intake Kg per day Low2.5 or below5 – 71.3 – 1.4 Optimum3.0 – 3.540.8 – 0.9 High4 +30.7 Monitor condition regularly until rams go in and adjust feeding to avoid excessive loss or gain in condition

20.  Not needed for ewes BS >3.0  Very fat ewes = increased barrenness  Very thin ewes = low lamb numbers  Increase by 1 body score takes about 6 weeks on good grass at 7-9 cm ◦ (appox. 8-12kg for mature lowland ewe)  If grass is short can offer additional feed

21.  Check feet, footbath, cull persistently lame sheep  Crutch dirty/long tailed ewes  Dose for liver fluke as per vet advice  Vaccinations  If dipping, do this 1 month before tupping  Where possible carry out all management tasks at least 2 weeks prior to tupping

22. Clostridial & Pasteurella (Hep P+)  Initially two vaccines given 4-6 weeks apart then an annual booster 4-6 weeks pre lambing Toxoplasa abortion  Live vaccine –up to 1 month prior to tupping. Lasts 2-3 years (Toxovax) Enzootic abortion  Live vaccine – up to 1 month prior to tupping. (Enzovax, Chlamydophila)

23. Assess mineral status of ewes Blood sample 6-8 weeks before mating (Selenium, Cobalt, Iodine) AFBI research found 50% hill ewes sampled had inadequate selenium (Se) status Benefits of Se supplementation of ewes – Se supplementation 4-6 weeks before mating improves ewe fertility – Higher growth rates, heavier lambs at weaning – Ewe body weight and condition maintained more efficiently, higher overall lamb output Methods of supplementation – Injectable, boluses, drenches and feed additives

25.  On average 10% of ewes in a flock fail to rear lambs  Ewe and lamb deaths contribute to the biggest loss in productivity (37%)  Older ewes are more prone to ewe deaths, abortion/stillbirths, lamb deaths  Hence replacing/culling these ewes becomes necessary

26.  A ewe should be replaced before she has an unproductive season  Typically after 5 crops  Important to record and identify problem ewes so they don’t get a reprieve ◦ Ear notch/tag  Replacement rate ◦ Typically 20% for lowland flock ◦ Potentially 25 – 30% on a hill farm

27.  Prolific  Strong maternal ability  Good milker (lamb growth)  Produce quality lambs with good growth rate  Hardy / disease resistance  Reasonable size / conformation  Minimum cost to feed and treat  Easy lambing  Durable

29.  Keep your own ewe lambs  Purchase ewe lambs  Purchase sucked hoggets  Purchase dry hoggets  Draft ewes

30. Advantages  Disease risks are lower  Quality – greater control over management  Potential to improve ewe type - maternal sires  Good records  Cheaper? Disadvantages  Management can be complex  Breeding policy must be planned  Cheaper?

31. Advantages  Replacements can be bought as shearlings  Hybrid vigour  Less complex recording?  Less time consuming Disadvantages  Higher risk of disease  No control over the rearing phase  No prior knowledge  Autumn sales are fixed  Little time for introduction to flock

32.  Conception rates are lower ◦ 90% or less ◦ average litter size of 1.0-1.2  Lamb mortality can be high due to ◦ Lambing difficulties, small lambs, lack of milk etc  There is a greater risk of mismothering  Good feeding is essential to ◦ Sustain growth of the ewe lamb ◦ Enable the production of adequately sized lambs and sufficient milk.

33.  May be cheaper than gimmers/hoggets  Extra crop of lambs (if lambed) ◦ Harder to lamb/manage ◦ Easier to manage following year if lambed  Need to be 60-70% of mature weight going to the ram  Can stunt growth  Extended lambing season

34.  Two aspects of flock health must be considered when introducing replacements  1. If bought in – must not be allowed to bring diseases such as scab or enzootic abortion into the flock  2. They have to be protected against the main causes of losses, such as clostridial diseases, pneumonia and infectious abortion

35. 1. Yard all sheep (rams and ewes) on arrival for 24- 48 hours 2. Treat asap  Worm treatment  Fluke treatment  Treatment for sheep scab  Vaccination – Clostridial diseases, Toxovax, Enzovax  Foot care – Inspection and footbath 3. Quarantine – turn out to pasture previously grazed by own flock and keep isolated for 3 weeks

36. Annual cost of maintaining the breeding stock Example Ewe flock casting after 4 lamb crops. Purchase gimmer £140 Sell cast ewe£80 Difference£60 Replacement cost ewe per year£15 Replacement rate = 1/4 = 25%

38.  Size, length, conformation  Legs and feet  Mouth and teeth  Wool  Reproductive organs  Breed characteristics  EBVs (Scan weight)

43.  Body score 3.5 – 4 (Feed meal 8 - 10 weeks prior to tupping)  Handle testicles – Should be hard without bumps or lumps, check for epididymis  Mouth – Check for broken mouth  Temperature and wellbeing  Feet  Brisket sores

45.  Management of the mating period 1.Select mating date so that lambing coincides with spring grass! http://www.tvsp.org/gestation.html 2.Restrict mating period to 35-42 days to reduce lambing period and minimise lamb weight variation

46.  1 mature ram: 40 ewes (A fit, 2 shear, ram will cope with more as will certain breeds – e.g. Highlander/Primera)  Ram pool, 3 rams – 150 -200 ewes  Raddle/harness crayon colour should be changed regularly ◦ More frequent changes gives more control of feeding  Excessive repeats (25-30%+) indicates a problem with ram fertility

48.  Vasectomise at least 8 weeks before they are needed  Use one teaser for 100 -150 ewes  Put teasers in for 17 days max  Remove before fertile rams are introduced Alternatively:  Run entire rams on opposite side of secure fence line for 14 days before introducing to ewes

49.  Maintain body score (3.5)  Embryo floats about in uterus  Don’t dramatically increase or decrease feeding  Avoid unnecessary handling and stress

50.  Ewes served at the correct body score is the 1 st step in achieving a high lambing percentage  Carry out a ram MOT early and use rams at correct ratio  Manage nutrition carefully after mating  Remove culls and obtain replacements  Use appropriate vaccines and drenches

51.  Nutrition of the pregnant ewe  Getting the feeding right to reduce lamb and ewe mortality  What to look for in a good ewe feed  Simple rations  Level of concentrate feeding required