1. Different Approaches to “Race Politics,” 1890s-1920s Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Marcus Garvey

2. Booker T. Washington (1856 – 1915) Graduated from Hampton Institute Tuskegee Institute (1881) modeled on Hampton – focus on vocational training 1895 “Atlanta Compromise” speech made him new black spokesman in whites’ eyes Became leading black Republican Control of patronage = source of power Publicly accommodationist Privately funded lawsuits challenging segregation

3. W. E. B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) Born & raised in Great Barrington, Mass. Ph.D. from Harvard after spending 2 years at University of Berlin Concern for “talented tenth” led to founding of Niagara Movement (1905) Co-founder of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1910) and editor of its magazine, The Crisis Became Marxist & Pan-Africanist in 1940s – 50s

4. The NAACP White founders like Oswald Garrison Villard were children & grandchildren of abolitionists – felt obligation to complete the work Black founders like DuBois & Walter White were educated, middle-class professionals who resented not being taken seriously Focus on legal challenges to segregation Guinn v. Oklahoma (1915) invalidated grandfather clauses Buchanan v. Warley (1917) banned residential segregation ordinances Amenia Conference (Aug. 1916) lessened tensions with Tuskegee

5. The Urban League Counterpart to NAACP Focus on economic advancement – secured grants & loans for black-owned businesses Worked with migrants moving to Northern cities during the Great Migration

6. Black Nationalism Alexander Crummell (1819 – 1898) Episcopal priest Missionary to Liberia for 20 years Argued all blacks everywhere must unite Henry M. Turner (1834 – 1915) AME pastor & bishop (1880) 1 st black U.S. Army chaplain (1863) Worked with Freedmen’s Bureau in Georgia & elected to state legislature in 1868 Called on fellow blacks to move to Africa “to achieve dignity and manhood”

7. Marcus Garvey and the UNIA Jamaican immigrant – came to NYC in 1916 Black Nationalist – argued Africans would never be treated fairly until they had their own, independent nation Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914

8. Universal African Legion Designed to create pride & self-confidence among blacks Faux titles of nobility seen as ridiculous by outsiders

9. The Black Star Line

10. Garvey arrested in 1923 Convicted of mail fraud in 1923 in connection with failed Black Star Line After serving sentence, deported in 1927