1. Input and Output (IO) CSCE 110 Drawn from James Tam's material

2. Output Displaying information on screen Done via the write and writeln statements –Write: displays the output and nothing else (the cursor remains on the line) –Writeln: displays the output followed by a newline (the cursor moves to the next line)

3. Output Format (literal string of characters): write ('a message'); OR writeln ('a message');

4. Output Example program outputExample1 (output); begin write('line1'); writeln('line2'); write('line3'); end. Style convention Or is it? You can find a copy of this program in the shared course UNIX directory (/pub/courses/csce110/)

5. Output the Contents Of Variables And Constants Format: write( or ); or writeln ( or );

6. Output Variables And Constants Example program outputExample2 (output); const ACONSTANT = 888; begin var num : integer; num := 7; writeln(ACONSTANT); writeln(num); end. You can find an copy of this program and the compiled version in the course directory: /pub/courses/csce110/

7. Mixed Output It's possible to display literal strings of characters and the contents of variables and constants with a single write or writeln statement. Format: write('message',, 'message'…); OR writeln('message',, 'message'…);

8. Mixed Output Example program outputExample3 (output); const ACONSTANT = 888; begin var num : integer; num := 7; writeln('ACONSTANT: ', ACONSTANT); writeln('num=', num); end. You can find an copy of this program and the compiled version in the course directory: /pub/courses/csce110/

9. Automatic Output Formatting Automatic formatting of output –Field width: The computer will insert enough spaces to ensure that the information can be displayed. –Decimal places: For real numbers the data will be displayed in exponential/floating point form. 1 These values can be set to any non-negative integer (zero or greater).

10. Manual Output Formatting Format: write or writeln ( : : ); Examples: var num : real; num := 12.34; writeln(num); writeln(num:5:2); 1 These values can be set to any non-negative integer (zero or greater).

11. Formatting Output If the field width doesn't match the actual size of the field –Field width too small – extra spaces will be added for integer variables but not for other types of data. –Examples: var num : integer; num := 123456; writeln(num:3); writeln('123456':3);

12. Formatting Output If the field width doesn't match the actual size of the field –Field width too large – the data will be right justified (extra spaces will be put in front of the data). –Examples: var num : integer; num := 123; writeln(num:6); writeln('123':6);

13. Formatting Output If the number of decimal places doesn't match the actual number of decimal places. –Set the number of decimal places less than the actual number of decimal places – the number will be rounded up. –Example One: var num : real; num := 123.4567; writeln (num:6:2);

14. Formatting Output If the number of decimal places doesn't match the actual number of decimal places. –Set the number of decimal places greater than the actual number of decimal places – the number will be padded with zeros. –Example Two: var num : real; num := 123.4567; writeln(num:12:6);

15. Input The computer program getting information from the user Done via the read and readln statements Format: read ( ); OR readln ( );

16. Input Example program inputExampleOne (input, output); begin var num : integer; write('Enter an integer: '); readln (num); end. Normally Style…

17. Read & Readln Reads each value entered and matches it to the corresponding variable. –e.g., read (num) –If num is an integer then the read statement will try to read an integer value from the user's keyboard input.

18. Read Vs. Readln Read –If the user inputs additional values before hitting enter, the additional values will remain in the buffer. Readln –Any additional values entered before (and including) the enter key will be discarded.

19. Read: Effect On The Keyboard Buffer program getInput (input, output); begin var num : integer; write('Enter an integer: '); read(num); end. Pascal program Keyboard: user types in 27 and hits enter

20. Read: Effect On The Keyboard Buffer program getInput (input, output); begin var num : integer; write('Enter an integer: '); read(num); end. Pascal program 27 1 Keyboard controller: determines which keys were pressed and stores the values in the keyboard buffer 1 When the user presses the enter key it is stored as the EOL (end-of-line) marker. The EOL marker signals to the Pascal program that the information has been typed in and it will be processed. YY N Note: after the read statement has executed the pointer remains at the EOL marker. RAM 27 num

21. Readln: Effect On The Keyboard Buffer program getInput (input, output); begin var num : integer; write('Enter an integer: '); readln(num); end. Pascal program Keyboard: user types in 27 and hits enter

22. Readln: Effect On The Keyboard Buffer program getInput (input, output); begin var num : integer; write('Enter an integer: '); readln(num); end. Pascal program 27 1 Keyboard controller: determines which keys were pressed and stores the values in the keyboard buffer 1 When the user presses the enter key it is stored as the EOL (end-of-line) marker. The EOL marker signals to the Pascal program that the information has been typed in and it will be processed. YY N Note: Unlike read, the readln will move the pointer past the EOL marker (input buffer is emptied and ready for new input). RAM 27 num

23. Readln: Effect On The Keyboard Buffer program getInput (input, output); begin var num : integer; write('Enter an integer: '); readln(num); end. Pascal program 27 1 Keyboard controller: determines which keys were pressed and stores the values in the keyboard buffer 1 When the user presses the enter key it is stored as the EOL (end-of-line) marker. The EOL marker signals to the Pascal program that the information has been typed in and it will be processed. Note: Unlike read, the readln will move the pointer past the EOL marker (input buffer is emptied and ready for new input). RAM 27 num N

24. Read Vs. Readln If no input is read in by the program after a 'read' or 'readln' statement then both approaches appear identical (the effect of the pointer staying or moving past the EOL marker has no visible effect). Caution! If the 'read' or 'readln' statement is followed by another read or readln then the effect of the extra input remaining in the keyboard buffer can have unexpected consequences!

25. Read Example program read1 (input, output); begin var num : integer; var ch : char; write('Enter a number: '); read(num); write('Enter a character: '); read(ch); writeln('You entered num: ', num, ' ch: ', ch); end. You can find an copy of this program and the compiled version in the course directory: /pub/courses/csce110/

26. Readln Example program read2 (input, output); begin var num : integer; var ch : char; write('Enter a number: '); readln(num); write('Enter a character: '); readln(ch); writeln('You entered num: ', num, ' ch: ', ch); end. You can find an copy of this program and the compiled version in the course directory: /pub/courses/csce110/

27. General Rule Of Thumb When getting input from the user unless there's a compelling reason you should use 'readln' rather than 'read'. (This is an important point: forget at your own peril!)

28. What happens? Best The prompt that requests user input should take the form of a write rather than a writeln: var num : integer; write('Enter your age: '); readln(age); var num : integer; writeln('Enter your age: '); readln(age); General Rule Of Thumb

29. Another Use For Readln As an input prompt e.g., writeln('To continue press enter'); readln; writeln('The rest of the program continues..'); When this statement is reached the program will pause and wait for input from the user.