1. Early Intervention and Preschool Programs
Pacific TA Meeting:
Quality Practices in
Early Intervention and Preschool Programs

2. Overview to Developing Functional IFSPs/IEPS
Anne Lucas, Caroline Magee, Chris Case, Joicey Hurth 2

3. Session Purpose
Gain information and resources on the IFSP/IEP processes and practice writing functional outcomes and goals

4. Session Outline Setting the Context – Key Principles
IFSP/IEP Process: Using Information to Develop Functional IFSPs/IEPs
Writing Functional IFSP Outcomes/IEP Goals
Putting it all together – Kim’s case study

5. Group Discussion Group Discussion
What Challenges do you have in writing functional IFSP outcomes and IEP goals?”

6. Setting the Context

7. Paradigm Shift Paradigm Shift NEW Traditional MODELS: Promotion
Capacity-building
Strengths-based
Resource-based
Family-centered
Inclusive setting
ACCOUNTABILITY:
Focus on Outcomes
MODELS:
Treatment
Expertise
Deficit-based
Service-based
Professionally-centered
Segregated setting

8. First Six Years First Six Years of Life
Most important time in human development
Critical for environments that children normally participate in to enhance learning and development

9. How Children Learn How Children Learn
Children learn and develop best when:
Participating in natural learning opportunities that occur in everyday routines and activities of children and families and as part family and community life
Interested and engaged in an activity, which in turn strengthens and promotes competency and mastery of skills.
(Dunst, Bruder, Trivette, Raab & McLean, 2001;
Shelden & Rush, 2001)

10. Child Interest and Competence Child Interest and Competence
Context for Learning:
Child Interest and Competence
Context for Learning:
Child Interest and Competence
Interests
Learning Activities
Exploration
and Mastery
Engagement
Competence
(Dunst, Herter & Shields, 2000)

11. Interest-based Learning
Children’s interests influence:
Participation in activities
Level of engagement in activities
Amount of practice of new skills
Development of new competencies
Sense of mastery
(Raab, 2005)

12. Engagement Engagement
Defined as: “Amount of time children spend interacting appropriately with their environment”
(Scott and McWilliam, 2003)

13. Engagement Engagement
The more a child is engaged, the more positive the outcomes in:
Behavior
Developmental progress
Communication
Problem solving
Interacting with others
(McWilliam and Casey, 2010; Raab, 2005)

14. Mastery
Mastery
Mastery of functional skills occurs through high-frequency, naturally occurring activities in a variety of settings that are consistent with family and community life
(Shelden & Rush, 2001; Dunst & Bruder, 1999; Dunst, Bruder, Trivette, Hamby, Raab & McLean, 2001; Dunst, Bruder, Trivette, Raab & McLean, 2001; Dunst, Hamby, Trivette, Raab & Bruder, 2002; McWilliam, 2004)

15. Children with Disabilities
“Children with disabilities spend more time non-engaged (e.g., wandering around, crying or waiting) than do their typically developing peers”
(Scott and McWilliam, 2003)

16. Children with Disabilities Need More Learning Opportunities / Practice
Mahoney’s (2008) research on young children with disabilities tells us they need even more practice (. . .twice as much for 50% delay, etc.)
They need opportunities to learn – in context (walking on rugs and yards and gravel); instruction, coaching and most of all PRACTICE!

17. Children Learn through Staggering Amts of Practice!
Children Learn with Staggering Amounts of Practice
Children Learn through Staggering Amts of Practice!
The amount of a toddler’s experience with walking is the only predictor of improved proficiency
Walking infants practice for more than 6 hours/daily
Average 500 – 1500 steps per hour
9000 steps per day (length of 29 football fields!) (Adolph, et. al., 2003)

18. Parents and Caregivers: Keys to Development
Child’s opportunities to practice are increased when parents/caregivers/teachers:
select everyday day activities that are interesting to the child or foster situational learning
are responsive to children’s play increases
(Mahoney, 2008; Raab, 2005)
Without adequate practice to master a fundamental skill, a child cannot move to the next developmental level (Mahoney, 2008)
“It Takes the Time It Takes!” Parelli, 2010)

19. Focus: Successful Participation in Family & Community Activities
Services should strengthen family and caregivers capacity to use multiple routines and activities as learning opportunities
Successful participation = learning and practice = mastery of skills
Services should also help families and caregivers figure out how to address challenging activities by improving the child’s skills, making adaptations so s/he can be more successful

20. Parents and Caregivers:
Influence Learning
What happens between intervention visits is most critical for learning
The consistent adults in a child’s life have the greatest influence on the child’s learning and development – not providers/teachers
All families/caregivers have strengths and capabilities that can be used to help their child develop and learn

21. Supporting Parents and Caregivers
NEW
PARADIGMS
ROLE
The Practitioner
Shares knowledge and resources
with a child’s key caregivers
through adult-to-adult relationships
Family members are supported
in their day-to-day responsibilities
of caring for their child
(Hanft, 2004)
THE EXPERT

22. Natural Environments/LRE
How early intervention and early childhood special education is provided, not just where, is key
Providing services in the home or community setting (integrated setting)
DOES NOT
guarantee
child learning and participation in everyday activities and activities
(Jung, 2003)

23. Inclusive Settings and Child Learning
“Inclusive, play-based,
developmentally appropriate programs produce more engagement
than do disability-only,
highly structured,
traditional special-education programs”
(McWilliam and Casey, 2010)

24. Learning Opportunities
By Age One
Learning Opportunities
2 hrs. therapy % of waking hrs. =
Diapering + feeding + playing
20 everyday activities =
2000 times by age 1
40,000 learning opportunities (Dunst, 2001) =

25. Multiple Providers
Survey data on parents reporting the helpfulness of early intervention providers indicate:
96% of the parents having one provider rated him/her as helpful
77% of the parents having two providers rated them as helpful
69% of parents having three or more providers rated them as helpful (p<.001).
(Dunst & Bruder, 2004 Findings from National Survey of Service Coordination in Early Intervention (Research and Training Center on Service Coordination)

26. Service Frequency
Visits provided too frequently can be disempowering or send the message that the parent is not competent
(Jung, 2003; Dunst, 2004)
Frequency is determined jointly with family members, and based on:
Their comfort and confidence to implement agreed upon strategies throughout the course of their day
The child’s developmental changes and progress on outcomes/goals

27. (researchers, trainers, practitioners and parents)
2 Recent Workgroups
(researchers, trainers, practitioners and parents)
1. Community of Practice on Natural Environments
Reaching Consensus on Early Intervention Principles
Compiling Learning from Research and Model Development and Validation Projects
Describing the Agreed Upon Practices
2. Think Tank on Integrating Outcomes into the IFSP and IEP Processes

28. Resources Preschool Special Education: Part C:
Mission and Key Principles of Early Intervention Services
Seven Key Principles & Looks Like/Doesn’t Look Like
Agreed Upon Practices For Providing Early Intervention Services In Natural Environments
Integrating Child Outcomes Measurement into an Effective IFSP Process -based upon the Agreed Upon Practices document.
Preschool Special Education:
Integrating Child Outcome Measurement with the Individualized Education Program (IEP) Process: Implementation Rating Scale

29. The IFSP/IEP Process: Using Information to Develop Functional IFSPs and IEPs

30. Integrated Outcomes – Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) Process

31. Integrated Outcomes – Individual Education Planning (IEP) Process

32. Key Steps: IFSP / IEP Process
Beginning with initial contacts and referral
Gathering Information from parents and caregivers
Evaluation and functional assessment
Developing IFSPs and IEPs
Must Meet All Timelines

33. Gathering Information and IFSP Outcomes / IEP Goals
Linking Information Gathering to IFSP Outcomes/IEP Goals
Gathering Information and IFSP Outcomes / IEP Goals
Knowledge
Skills
Attitude
Understand how to gather information and conduct the functional assessment using evidence based-practices (asking right questions/probes)
Understand what’s working and challenging in everyday activities (child’s functioning across settings)
Understand how to use this information to develop IFSP outcomes/IEP goals
Believe that child learn best through participation in everyday activities

34. Using Information – IFSP/IEP
Info from IFSP/IEP process
Determine Eligibility
Develop Outcomes/Goals
Select Routines, Activities Settings
Develop Strategies/Objectives
Determine People and Resources (Services)
Determine Frequency and Intensity
Determine Criteria to Measure Progress
Family hopes √
Family concerns priorities
Family resources
Child needs
Child strengths
Child interests
Behaviors in Settings
Desired activities

35. Gathering Information from Families/Caregivers
To identify what’s challenging in everyday routines and activities (concerns) to assist parents and caregivers in identifying priorities for their child and family in:
Determining the focus of functional assessment
Developing IFSP outcomes and IEP goals
To identify interests and what’s working in everyday routines and activities for use in developing outcomes / goals and strategies / objectives, and for planning service delivery

36. Informal Information Gathering
GATHER parent/caregiver information over time (starts at first contact); it evolves and initial information may be incomplete
REVIEW information previously shared by parents/caregivers during various steps of the process
CREATE climate in which parents/caregivers feels free to talk about child and family; listening is KEY

37. Informal Information Gathering
ADAPT conversation to meet each family’s/caregiver’s communication style
ASK family to share their “story”
experiences with child and interests
previous medical, health, or developmental evaluation
what’s working/what’s challenging
priorities
observations about child’s development
USE questions/probes when necessary

38. Sample Questions: Everyday Activities and Routines
Can you tell me about your day?
What types of things happen on most mornings? Afternoons? Nights? Weekends?
Where do you and your child spend time?
What types of things or activities do you and your child like to do (e.g., hiking, going on picnics, paying games at home)?
What things or activities do you and your child have to do on a regular basis (e.g., go to the store, give kids a bath, feed the horses, prepare meals, walk the dog)?
What are activities that you and your child have to do?
What are your child’s interests? What things does your child enjoy and what holds your child’s attention? (e.g., people, places, things such as toys, dog, being outside)
What makes your child happy, laugh and/or smile?
What routines and/or activities do your child not like? What makes this routine and/or activity difficult and uncomfortable for your child? What does your child usually do during the routine/activity?
Who are key family members, other caregivers, or important people who spend time with your child and in what settings does this occur?
Are there activities that you used to do before your child was born that you would like to do again?
Are there new activities that you and your child would like to try?
Are there any activities or places that you go (e.g., doctor’s appointments, visiting grandparents) that occur on a less regular basis (e.g., once a week)?

39. Questions: Identifying Child Interests
What makes the child smile and laugh?
What makes the child happy and feel good?
What gets the child excited?
What are the child’s favorite things to do?
What things are particularly enjoyable and interesting to the child?
What does the child choose to do most often?
What does the child especially work hard at doing?
What gets and keeps the child’s attention?
What behaviors does the child particularly like to do?
What “brings out the best” in the child?
What gets the child to try new things?
(Dunst, Herter, and Shields, 2000)

40. Using Information to Develop Outcomes/Goals
Start with parent’s/caregiver’s priorities about child’s learning/development and/or family’s needs (hopes for their child and/or family’s participation), not the interventionists’/teachers’ priorities
Consider what’s working in everyday routines and activities

41. Using Information to Develop Outcomes/Goals
Consider how the child’s skills or disability influences the child’s participation in everyday routines and activities
Identify settings and naturally-occurring learning opportunities that occur throughout the day that are motivating and interesting to the child (and family) to promote incidental learning and practice of skills

42. Outcomes/Goals and Placement and Services
Outcomes/Goals and Placement/Services
Outcomes/Goals and Placement and Services
Develop IFSP outcomes/IEP goals before identifying placement, services and supports
Placement, services and supports are determined based on what is necessary to meet the outcomes/goals

43. Video Activity: Nolan’s Story

44. Writing Functional IFSP Outcomes and IEP Goals

45. IFSP Outcomes Requirements
IFSP must include:
A statement of the major outcomes expected to be achieved for the child and family
The criteria, procedures, and timelines used to determine the degree to which progress toward achieving the outcomes is being made and whether modifications or revisions of the outcomes or services are necessary

46. Washington Systems Improvement Project
IFSP Outcomes
IFSP Outcomes
IFSP outcomes: What would your family like to see happen for your child/family?
2 types of outcomes
Child Outcomes
Family Outcomes (participation-based or resource based)
Washington Systems Improvement Project

47. IFSP Child Outcomes Child Outcomes
Enhance child’s learning through functional participation in everyday activities (child is learner/actor)
Are important and meaningful to family/caregiver (priorities)
Expand activity settings in which child can be competent
Based on child’s interests

48. Washington Systems Improvement Project
IFSP Family Outcomes
Family Outcomes
Enhance the capacity of the family to meet the needs of their child (family is learner/actor)
Support accessing community resources and supports (FRC supported)
Are important and meaningful to family/caregiver (priorities)
Based on family’s interests
Washington Systems Improvement Project

49. Developing Outcomes Step 1: Determine the functional area(s)
Eating and chewing
Step 2: What routine(s) does this affect?
Meal time (e.g., lunch, dinner, restaurant )
Step 3: Child will participate in (routines in question)”
“Alicia will participate in lunch, dinner, and restaurant . . .”
Step 4: “ by ---ing” (address specific behaviors)
“ chewing her food”

50. Developing Outcomes
Step 5: Identify criterion to determine when the child has met this skill
We will know she has these skills when she eats a cup of food at mealtime with her family
Step 6: Add another criterion for generalization, maintenance or fluency, if appropriate
We will know she has generalized these skills when we see her do this one time at lunch, one time at dinner and one time at a restaurant within a period of a week
Step 7: Add timeline
In 6 months (to meet entire outcome)
Adapted from Robin McWilliam’s “Steps to Build a Functional Outcome”:

51. IFSP Outcomes IFSP Outcomes Functional IFSP outcomes must be based on:
Information gathered from the family, primarily priorities and concerns
Evaluation and functional assessment of the child, including skills and behaviors across settings (child’s strengths and needs)

52. Criteria: Functional IFSP Outcomes
Are statements necessary and functional for the child and family’s life?
Does the statement reflect real-life contextualized settings?
Is the outcome/goal discipline-free?
Is the wording jargon-free, clear and simple?
Does the wording emphasize the positive?
Does the statement avoid the use of passive words (e.g., tolerate, receive, improve, maintain)

53. Child Outcomes: Examples
Not This
“Romeo will improve muscle tone for sitting"
This
"Romeo will play with toys and eat meals with his family by sitting without much support”

54. Family Outcomes Family Outcomes What Parent States:
“We want to be able to take
Romeo with us in the car; we need a
travel car seat ”

55. Family Outcomes: Examples
This “Karen and Mark will learn about resources and low cost options so they can obtain a car seat.”
Not This
“Staff will explore options for financial assistance for travel chairs”

56. IEP Goals Requirements
An IEP must include:
A statement of measurable annual goals, including academic and functional goals designed to--
Meet the child's needs that result from the child's disability to enable the child to be involved in and make progress in the general education curriculum; and
Meet each of the child's other educational needs that result from the child's disability;

57. IEP Goals: Requirements
For children with disabilities who take alternate assessments aligned to alternate achievement standards, a description of benchmarks or short-term objectives

58. IEP Goals: Requirements
A description of:
How the child's progress toward meeting the annual goals will be measured, and
When periodic reports on the progress the child is making toward meeting the annual goals (such as through the use of quarterly or other periodic reports, concurrent with the issuance of report cards) will be provided

59. Developing IEP Goals
Step 1: Determine the academic (preschool activities) and functional area(s)
Making choices
Step 2: What routine(s) does this affect?
Play
Step 3: Child will participate in (routines in question)”
Alicia will make choices “during play each day”
Step 4: “ by ---ing” (address specific behaviors)
“ by pointing”

60. Developing IEP Goals “At least once during a play each day…
Step 5: Identify criterion to determine when the child has met this skill
“At least once during a play each day…
Step 6: Add another criterion for generalization, maintenance or fluency, if appropriate
We will know she has generalized these skills when we see her point in other situations where options are presented (getting dressed, selecting a book, etc.)
Step 7: Add timeline
In 6 months (to meet entire outcome)
Adapted from Robin McWilliam’s “Steps to Build a Functional Outcome”:

61. IEP Goals IEP Goals Functional IEP goals must be based on:
What the child is doing now
Child’s strengths
Needs related to disabilities
Family input and concerns

62. IEP Goals IEP Goals Goals cont’d Information including:
Present Level of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance
Initial evaluation information for the child’s first IEP
Assessments/ongoing progress monitoring for subsequent IEPs

63. Criteria: Functional IEP Goals
The goal:
Includes what the child is doing now and includes the family’s input and concerns
Describes how the child will demonstrate what s/he knows
Is measurable and observable (e.g., the conditions for meeting the goal are clear and includes strategies or accommodations)
Is written in plain language without naming placement

64. Criteria: Functional IEP Goals
Describes the child’s involvement in age-appropriate activities to address “academic and functional” areas
Details ‘Special Factors’ related to communication, assistive technology and supports specific to the child’s disability and/or English language learning
Is achievable in no longer than one year and specific timelines are noted

65. Not This “Tamara will make choices”
IEP Goals: Examples
IEP Goals
This “At least once during a play each day, Tamara will demonstrate her choice by pointing at a toy she wants when presented with options”
Not This “Tamara will make choices”

66. Activity: Rating IFSP Outcomes and IEP Goals

67. Criteria for Rating IFSP Outcomes
The outcome statement is necessary and functional for the child’s and family’s life.
The wording of the statement is jargon-free, clear and simple.
The statement reflects real-life contextualized settings (e.g., not test items).
The statement avoids the use of passive words (e.g., tolerate, receive, improve, maintain).
The wording emphasizes the positive.
The outcome is discipline-free.
When the child’s contextual information is available, the following IFSP outcome criteria can also be evaluated:
The outcome is based on the family’s priorities and concerns.
The outcome describes both the child’s strengths and needs based on information from the initial evaluation or ongoing assessment.

68. Criteria for Rating IFSP Outcomes
The outcome statement is necessary and functional for the child’s and family’s life.
The wording of the statement is jargon-free, clear and simple.
Nolan will play with
toys with his sister
during bath time
+ YES!
The statement reflects real-life contextualized settings (e.g., not test items).
The statement avoids the use of passive words (e.g., tolerate, receive, improve, maintain).
The wording emphasizes the positive.
The outcome is discipline-free.
When the child’s contextual information is available, the following IFSP outcome criteria can also be evaluated:
The outcome is based on the family’s priorities and concerns.
The outcome describes both the child’s strengths and needs based on information from the initial evaluation or ongoing assessment.

69. Criteria for Rating IEP Goals
The GOAL describes how the child will demonstrate what s/he knows.
The GOAL is written in plain language without naming placement.
Special Factors related to communication, assistive technology and supports specific to the child’s disability and/or English language learning are detailed.
The GOAL describes the child’s involvement in age-appropriate activities to address ‘academic and functional’ areas.
The GOAL is measurable and observable. The conditions for meeting the goal are clear and includes strategies or accommodations.
The GOAL is achievable in one year and specific timelines are noted.
When the child’s contextual information is available, the following IEP goal criteria can also be evaluated:
The goal includes what the child is doing now as well as the family’s input and concerns.
The goal describes both the child’s strengths and needs from information from the initial evaluation or ongoing assessment.

70. Criteria for Rating IEP Goals
The GOAL describes how the child will demonstrate what s/he knows.
The GOAL is written in plain language without naming placement.
BG will get across what
she wants using words.
Special Factors related to communication, assistive technology and supports specific to the child’s disability and/or English language learning are detailed.
+ YES!
The GOAL describes the child’s involvement in age-appropriate activities to address ‘academic and functional’ areas. -
The GOAL is measurable and observable. The conditions for meeting the goal are clear and includes strategies or accommodations.
The GOAL is achievable in one year and specific timelines are noted.
When the child’s contextual information is available, the following IEP goal criteria can also be evaluated:
The goal includes what the child is doing now as well as the family’s input and concerns.
The goal describes both the child’s strengths and needs from information from the initial evaluation or ongoing assessment.

71. Resources for Writing Outcomes and Goals
IFSP
IEP
Rush and Shelden. Tips and Techniques for Developing Participation-Based IFSP Outcomes Statements, BriefCASE, Vol 2, No. 1
Contents of the IEP
OSEP model IEP forms
Special Factors To Consider
Wisconsin Guide to Connecting Academic Standards and IEPs

72. Developing Strategies to Meet IFSP Outcomes
Strategies (“WHO will do WHAT in WHICH Everyday Routines, Activities, and Places?”) must:
Help achieve the outcome
Be based on how all children learn throughout the course of everyday life, at home, in early care and education settings and in the community
Be developmentally and academically appropriate for the child
Focus on naturally occurring learning opportunities whenever possible

73. Developing Strategies to Meet IFSP Outcomes
Strategies must:
Support primary caregivers to provide children with everyday learning experiences and opportunities that strengthen and promote a child’s competence and development
Support learning that occurs in context of things that have high levels of interest and engagement for child and family

74. Developing Objectives to Meet IEP Goals
Objectives (“WHO will do WHAT in WHICH Everyday Routines, Activities, and Places?”) must:
Be designed to support the achievement of the goal
Be used to measure the progress toward achieving the goal
Be written in measurable language

75. Services to Meet Outcomes and Goals
Overall, deciding what will be necessary to achieve each functional outcome/goal is the basis for decisions about services needed
Always consider the need for assistive technology and supplementary aids and supports to ensure meaningful participation in settings and with peers
(Dunst & Bruder, 1999; Dunst, Bruder, Trivette, Hamby, Raab & McLean, 2001; Dunst, Bruder, Trivette, Raab & McLean, 2001; Dunst, Hamby,Trivette, Raab & Bruder, 2002)

76. Services to Meet IFSP Outcomes
There are two broad questions that the team should consider in determining the frequency of supports and services needed to meet the outcomes/goals:
“How often will the child’s intervention likely need to be changed?”
“How often does the family/caregiver/teacher need support to be comfortable in using intervention strategies?”
(Jung, 2003)

77. Services to Meet IFSP Outcomes
Services to Meet IEP Goals
Services to Meet IFSP Outcomes
In determining the frequency of special education and related services needed to meet IEP goals, the team should consider:
Consider the present levels of functional and academic performance (or activities of a preschool child) and the rate of progress
Consider the level of support necessary for the child to make progress

78. Services to Meet the Outcomes/Goals
Services to Meet Outcomes/Goals
Services to Meet the Outcomes/Goals
More is better* –
BUT this means more learning opportunities
NOT more services
Learning is what happens between professional’s contacts with child/family
Throughout the child’s day
In everyday routines and activities
Through multiple repetitions and lots of practice
The way all young children learn and participate with families and friends in their communities
*(thanks to Lee Ann Jung, 2003)

79. Application – Kim’s Story
Tables work together in teams
Review Kim’s Information (17 mos & 35 mos)
Each IFSP team will complete worksheet steps 1-5 and select one child outcome for Kim and one family outcome
Each IEP team will complete worksheet steps 1-5 and select 2 goals for Kim
Reflect on what you’ve learned, what you’ll use when you get home and how you’ll follow up with your teams
Select a recorder
Be prepared to share your team’s outcome/goal and why you selected it

80. Anne Lucas, NECTAC/WRRC
Contact Information
Anne Lucas, NECTAC/WRRC
Caroline Magee, WRRC
Chris Case, WRRC
Joicey Hurth, NECTAC