1. 1 Servlets: Leftover Odds and Ends (Most apply to JSPs as well, duh….)

2. 2 A Warning: Don’t Panic… Many of the examples in this presentation are using various features not discussed throughout this course. There is not need to understand them in a deeper extent than the understanding of the relevant examples. They are there to give you a general idea of what these feature names refer to and what can be done with them. Google these features if you want / ever need to...

3. 3 Exceptions Exceptions are caught by the server You can find them in the log file under $CATALINA_BASE/logs/ The result shown in the browser depends on the buffer state Check the example on the next slide… Find the exceptions in the log

4. 4 Run : http://localhost/dbi/exception?nlines=10 http://localhost/dbi/exception?nlines=1000 public class ExceptionServlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); int nLines = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("nlines")); out.println(" "); for (int i = 0; i bla bla bla " + i + " "); } out.println(" "); out.println(" " + 1/0 + " "); }} This line causes an exception

5. 5 Uploading Files with Servlets Read more about the FileUpload APIFileUpload API

6. 6 Handling Uploads with Package Commons FileUpload Commons FileUpload is a package of Apache for handling uploaded files in the Servlet side Files are sent in the body of post requests Using this package, uploaded files are temporarily written into the memory or the disk (depending on the file size) You can set the size threshold beyond which files are written to disk This is not a configuration parameter in web.xml but a part of the API as we’ll see in the next slides

7. 7 Handling Uploads with Package Commons FileUpload Servlets read the file from the disk or memory In Tomcat, the default temporary directory is $CATALINA_BASE/temp/ However, you can specify a temporary directory of your own (e.g., /tmp ) What if a very big file is uploaded? -You can define the maximal size of uploaded files -Exception is thrown for larger files

8. 8 Example 1 Upload Files and Parameters <form action="upload1" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> File: upload1.html Sends the client the uploaded file This is the right encoding type for files uploading

9. 9 import org.apache.commons.fileupload.disk.*; import org.apache.commons.fileupload.servlet.*; import org.apache.commons.fileupload.*; public class Upload1 extends HttpServlet { public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { DiskFileItemFactory factory = new DiskFileItemFactory(); //factory.setRepository(new File("/tmp")); factory.setSizeThreshold(1000); ServletFileUpload upload = new ServletFileUpload(factory); upload.setSizeMax(60000); Upload1.java Sets the repository directory Sets the memory vs. disk threshold (bytes) Sets the maximum file size (bytes). Bigger files generate exceptions

10. 10 try { List items = upload.parseRequest(request); Iterator it = items.iterator(); FileItem item = (FileItem) it.next(); response.setContentType(item.getContentType()); response.setContentLength((int)item.getSize()); InputStream is = item.getInputStream(); OutputStream os = response.getOutputStream(); byte[] buffer = new byte[4096]; int read = -1; while((read=is.read(buffer))>=0) os.write(buffer,0,read); } catch (FileUploadException exp) { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println(" Error : " + exp.getMessage() + " "); }}} Upload1.java In our example, we expect a single parameter We use an Output stream and not the out PrintWriter (why?) Makes life much easier

11. 11 Example 2 Upload Files and Parameters <form action="upload2" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> Parameter x: File: Parameter y: upload2.html Mixed parameter types

12. 12 List items = upload.parseRequest(request); Iterator it = items.iterator(); out.println(" "); while (it.hasNext()) { FileItem item = (FileItem) it.next(); if (item.isFormField()) out.println(" Field : " + item.getFieldName() + " = " + item.getString() + " "); else out.println(" File " + ": parameter name: " + item.getFieldName() + ", file name: " + item.getName() + ", file size: " + item.getSize() + " bytes, file type: " + item.getContentType() + " "); } out.println(" "); Upload2.java This time we use a loop since there are several parameters

13. 13 Example 3 The latter example reflected a common design problem: combining complex HTML code and Java code in a Servlet or a JSP -Java code for processing parameters and uploaded files -HTML code for generating the (dynamic) response An accepted solution is to process the parameters in a Servlet, and forward the request to a JSP for generating the response -Attributes can be sent to the JSP via the request object. The next example also uses JSTL

14. 14 JSTL JSTL stands for JSP Standard Tag Library This is a regular tag library that can be imported to your page, like the ones we created in the past This library includes some standard actions that are common in JSP, like iteration and conditions over EL expressions, parsing/manipulation of XML and database access More details can be found in Sun's J2EE Tut.Sun's J2EE Tut

15. 15 Example 3 Upload Files and Parameters <form action="upload3" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> Parameter x: File: Parameter y: upload3.html

16. 16 List formParams = new LinkedList(); List files = new LinkedList(); List items = upload.parseRequest(request); Iterator it = items.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { FileItem item = (FileItem) it.next(); if (item.isFormField())formParams.add(item); else files.add(item); } request.setAttribute("formParams",formParams); request.setAttribute("files",files); this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher ("/WEB-INF/jsp/upload3.jsp").forward(request,response); Upload3.java We’ll store parameters and fileitems in those lists Attach the lists to the request

17. 17 Submitted Parameters Submitted Parameters: Parameter : name: ${item.fieldName}, value: ${item.string} File : name: ${item.name}, length: ${item.size}, size: type:${item.contentType} /WEB-INF/jsp/upload3.jsp

18. 18 A Question What is the advantage of redirecting to JSP pages that are under WEB-INF? -Pages under the WEB-INF are not accessible -You can make sure no one invokes the JSP directly -You can hide the implementation

19. 19 Programmatic Security with Servlets

20. 20 Programmatic-Security Methods The Servlet API contains several accessories for handling programmatic security: - getRemoteUser() - isUserInRole(String role) - getAuthType() These are all methods of HttpServletRequest To enable user authentication (even for public URLs), provide a link to some protected page Returns the authenticated user or null if none exists

21. 21 An Example: Security Constraints in web.xml Firm People /login.html employees managers web.xml Roles, some users and their roles are defined in /conf/tomcat-users.xml Some secured resources Roles that can view those resources

22. 22 FORM /login /login?fail=fail managers employees web.xml An Example: Security Constraints in web.xml Roles used in this application (not required)

23. 23 public class FirmServlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { res.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = res.getWriter(); out.println(" Firm "); out.println(" Hello. "); String username = req.getRemoteUser(); if(username==null) { out.println(" "); out.println(" Login "); out.println(" "); return; } FirmServlet Returns the authenticated user or null if none exists

24. 24 if(req.isUserInRole("employees")) { out.println(" "); out.print(" Welcome Employee " + username + "! "); } if(req.isUserInRole("managers")) { out.println(" "); out.print(" Executive average salary: 42764NIS! "); } out.print(" Log Out "); out.println(" "); } FirmServlet This is ugly. This is why attributes in HTML can be single- or double-quoted. Same goes for strings in many scripting languages (watch out for escaping differences, though!)

25. 25 public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { res.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = res.getWriter(); out.println(" Login "); if(req.getParameter("fail")!=null) out.print(" Login Failed. Try Again. "); out.println(" " + " Login: " + " Password: " + " " + " "); } LoginServlet.java Notice that though this code contains no getSession() calls, the server tries to put session-cookie as a part of the FORM authorization

26. 26 public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { this.doGet(req,res); } LoginServlet.java Login LoginServlet Login /login web.xml

27. 27 public class EndSession extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpSession session = req.getSession(false); if(session!=null) { session.invalidate(); } res.sendRedirect("firm"); } EndSession.java EndSession EndSession /endsession web.xml Tomcat’s session implementation saves the user details in the session but not as attributes. Recovering this data is done by calling the mentioned request methods, but of course invalidating the session leads to logout

28. 28 Logged On You are logged on! Back to the firm page. login.html

29. 29 Filters

30. 30 Filters in Servlet API Filters are used to dynamically intercept requests and responses A filter that applies to a URL u typically acts as follows given a request for u -performs some actions before the processing of u -passes the request handling to the next filter -The last filter passes the request to u itself -performs some actions after the processing of u

31. 31

32. 32 public class FilterExample implements Filter { public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {... } public void destroy() {... } public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {... chain.doFilter(request, response);... }} FilterExample.java Before other elements in way “down” After other elements in way “up”

33. 33 Example Filter FilterExample Example Filter /images/* Registering a Filter web.xml You can also add an element like we saw in servlets and JSPs.

34. 34 What Can we Do with Filters? Examine and log requests Modify request headers and properties Modify the response headers and response data Block requests And more... Open FilterExample.java.FilterExample.java Check the result of calling http://localhost/dbi/images/image1.gif in the server’s logshttp://localhost/dbi/images/image1.gif

35. 35 Notes About Filters The order of the filters in the chain is the same as the order that filter mappings appear web.xml The life cycle of filters is similar to that of Servlets Filters typically do not themselves create responses, although they can The request and response arguments of doFilter are actually of type HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse The FilterConfig interface is used to read initialization parameters -Those are set in web.xml

36. 36 public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException { HttpServletResponse res = (HttpServletResponse)response; HttpServletRequest req = (HttpServletRequest)request; String URI = req.getRequestURI(); if (URI.endsWith(filterConfig.getInitParameter("type")) && (req.getParameter("nofilter") == null)) { res.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = res.getWriter(); out.println(" ImageFilter "); out.println(" Image filename = " + URI + " \n"); out.println(" "); out.println(" "); } ImageFilter.java URI is the part of the URL following the http://host:port Only for filetypes with no “nofilter” parameter in the query We have to add the “nofilter” query so that the filter won’t work again on the

37. 37 else {chain.doFilter(request, response); }} fImageFilter ImageFilter type.gif fImageFilter /images2/* Default filter chaining. This time next element in the chain is not a filter but the original URL web.xml The Filter applies only to.gif files in /dbi/images/ but not for other files on the same directory such as.txt Open /images2/image1.gif/images2/image1.gif Open /images2/joke1.txt/images2/joke1.txt A url-pattern of /images2/*.gif doesn’t work. That’s why we check the suffix in the Java code